| Summary: | The syndrome of chronic renal failure (CRF) is already known for more than 150 years. Current research in this domain changed our understanding in epidemiology, aetiology, prevention of disease progression, classifications, definition, and adequate treatment of comorbid conditions in predialytic period. With data collection and registration on CRF patients it is obvious an increase in prevalence and incidence of patients with CRF in the world. The diabetic nephropathy is the most common disease leading in 40% of cases to terminal CRF. In the follow up of these patients the most important goal is slowing down the disease progression with low protein diet (0,6-0,8 g/kg BW/day) and vigorous blood pressure control (target values: 120-135/75-85 mmHg). The adequate therapy of anaemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism including predialytic use of erythopoietin and vitamin D significantly slow down the progression of CRF and postpones the beginning of dialytic treatment. Numerous comorbid conditions present in predialytic period fasten the progression of CRF. The most common are of cardiovascular origin (congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease). Those cardiovascular comorbid conditions have an impact on CRF progresion as well as on the outcome in dialytic therapy. The most common causes of cardiovascular comorbidity are hypertension, anemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism, all of which should be treated in predialytic period. Of special concern is use of nephrotoxic drugs, particularly nephrotoxic antibioticsaminoglycosides. The optimal timing of creation of permanent vascular access and vaccination against hepatitis B in predialytic period are cost-effective and have an impact on quality of dialysis.
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