Relationship, evolutionary fate and function of two maize co-orthologs of rice <it>GW2 </it>associated with kernel size and weight

• Main Authors: Li Jiansheng, Dai Jingrui, Bai Guanghong, Warburton Marilyn L, Yang Xiaohong, Li Lin, Li Qing, Yan Jianbing
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: BMC 2010-07-01
• Series: BMC Plant Biology
• Online Access: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/10/143

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In rice, the <it>GW2 </it>gene, found on chromosome 2, controls grain width and weight. Two homologs of this gene, <it>ZmGW2-CHR4 </it>and <it>ZmGW2-CHR5</it>, have been found in maize. In this study, we investigated the relationship, evolutionary fate and putative function of these two maize genes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The two genes are located on duplicated maize chromosomal regions that show co-orthologous relationships with the rice region containing <it>GW2</it>. <it>ZmGW2-CHR5 </it>is more closely related to the sorghum counterpart than to <it>ZmGW2-CHR4</it>. Sequence comparisons between the two genes in eight diverse maize inbred lines revealed that the functional protein domain of both genes is completely conserved, with no non-synonymous polymorphisms identified. This suggests that both genes may have conserved functions, a hypothesis that was further confirmed through linkage, association, and expression analyses. Linkage analysis showed that <it>ZmGW2-CHR4 </it>is located within a consistent quantitative trait locus (QTL) for one-hundred kernel weight (HKW). Association analysis with a diverse panel of 121 maize inbred lines identified one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of <it>ZmGW2-CHR4 </it>that was significantly associated with kernel width (KW) and HKW across all three field experiments examined in this study. SNPs or insertion/deletion polymorphisms (InDels) in other regions of <it>ZmGW2-CHR4 </it>and <it>ZmGW2-CHR5 </it>were also found to be significantly associated with at least one of the four yield-related traits (kernel length (KL), kernel thickness (KT), KW and HKW). None of the polymorphisms in either maize gene are similar to each other or to the 1 bp InDel causing phenotypic variation in rice. Expression levels of both maize genes vary over ear and kernel developmental stages, and the expression level of <it>ZmGW2-CHR4 </it>is significantly negatively correlated with KW.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The sequence, linkage, association and expression analyses collectively showed that the two maize genes represent chromosomal duplicates, both of which function to control some of the phenotypic variation for kernel size and weight in maize, as does their counterpart in rice. However, the different polymorphisms identified in the two maize genes and in the rice gene indicate that they may cause phenotypic variation through different mechanisms.</p>