(5′<i>S</i>) 5′,8-Cyclo-2′-Deoxyadenosine Cannot Stop BER. Clustered DNA Lesion Studies

• Main Author: Boleslaw T. Karwowski
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-05-01
• Series: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
• Subjects: 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine; DNA damage; DNA repair; Polβ; Okazaki-like fragments; xrs5
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5934

As a result of external and endocellular physical-chemical factors, every day approximately ~10⁵ DNA lesions might be formed in each human cell. During evolution, living organisms have developed numerous repair systems, of which Base Excision Repair (BER) is the most common. 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine (cdA) is a tandem lesion that is removed by the Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) mechanism. Previously, it was assumed that BER machinery was not able to remove (5′<i>S</i>)cdA from the genome. In this study; however, it has been demonstrated that, if (5′<i>S</i>)cdA is a part of a single-stranded clustered DNA lesion, it can be removed from <i>ds</i>-DNA by BER. The above is theoretically possible in two cases: (A) When, during repair, clustered lesions form Okazaki-like fragments; or (B) when the (5′<i>S</i>)cdA moiety is located in the oligonucleotide strand on the 3′-end side of the adjacent DNA damage site, but not when it appears at the opposite 5′-end side. To explain this phenomenon, pure enzymes involved in BER were used (polymerase β (Polβ), a Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), and the X-Ray Repair Cross-Complementing Protein 1 (XRCC1)), as well as the Nuclear Extract (NE) from xrs5 cells. It has been found that Polβ can effectively elongate the primer strand in the presence of XRCC1 or PCNA. Moreover, supplementation of the NE from xrs5 cells with Polβ (artificial Polβ overexpression) forced oligonucleotide repair via BER in all the discussed cases.