Paleoseismology and slip rate of the Conway Segment of the Hope Faultat Greenburn Stream, South Island, New Zealand

• Main Authors: B. Estrada, J. Pettinga, J. Pope, V. Pere, N. Hill, J. Campbell, R. Langridge, K. Berryman
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) 2003-06-01
• Series: Annals of Geophysics
• Subjects: Hope Fault; paleoseismicity; ConwaySegment; Kaikoura; neotectonics; slip rate; recurrence; NZMS 260 sheet 031
• Online Access: http://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/3449
• ISSN: 1593-5213; 2037-416X

The Conway Segment of the dextral-slip Hope Fault is one of the fastest slipping fault segments along New Zealand s
 plate boundary, but has not ruptured co-seismically in the historic period and little paleoseismic data exist to constrain its
 large earthquake record. Two paleoseismic trenches were opened adjacent to Greenburn Stream near Kaikoura for the
 2001 ILP Paleoseismology Conference. Both trenches were excavated into deposits ponded against an uphill-facing shutter
 scarp. Trench 1, dug through a cobbly soil and surface deposit was dominated by a thick fan/fluvial sequence that was
 radiocarbon dated at 4409 ± 60 C14 years BP (4844-5288 cal years BP) at the base of the trench. This trench exhibited
 evidence of complex deformation from many paleoseismic events. The most recent earthquakes are difficult to constrain
 due to a lack of cover stratigraphy on the fan deposits. However, the modern soil appears to be faulted and is covered by
 cobbles with a weathering rind-derived age of 220 ± 60 years. Trench 2, dug ?? 50 m to the west has an expanded sequence
 of the younger cover deposits. Paleoseismic event horizons have been recognised from the combined evidence of upwardterminating
 faults, offset and mismatched units, a sandblow deposit, and abrupt landscape change shown by the burial of
 paleosol surfaces that form the event horizons. Two paleosols underlying the modern soil are clearly faulted by two separate
 rupture events. A dome of sand interpreted as a liquefaction sandblow deposit overlies the lower paleosol (event
 horizon). Both paleosols are overlain by metre-thick debris deposits, interpreted as earthquake-induced rock avalanches
 that cascaded off the hillslope following Mw 7 + events. Four radiocarbon dates place some constraints on the timing of
 the three recent surface-rupturing events. The youngest and lowest date is 548 ± 60 C14 years BP (504-656 cal years BP)
 and occurs below the lower paleosol. It constrains the maximum duration of time in which the last 2 earthquake events
 occurred to be 545 years (1295-1840 A.D.). This is consistent with the average Recurrence Interval (RI) of 180-310 years
 that we determine using two independent paths. The soil record indicates that each event is separated by a significant period
 of time, comparable to the calculated RI. The most recent event is constrained between ca. 1780 A.D. ± 60 years, taking
 into account the dates from these trenches, a weathering rind age, and from stratigraphic correlation at the site. Event
 III probably occurred before 1220 A.D. A maximum dextral slip rate of 23 ± 4 mm/yr is calculated from the minimum
 fan age and the offset/deflection of a stream channel along the shutter ridge. In concert with the estimate of single event
 displacement (5-6 m), these results show that the Conway Segment of the Hope Fault is fast-slipping and has ruptured
 regularly as a result of large earthquakes prior to the European colonisation of New Zealand.