| Summary: | Sebastian Torres,1 Mark Hamilton,2 Elena Sanches,4 Polina Starovatova,3 Elena Gubanova,3 Tatiana Reshetnikova51Di Stefano Velona Clinic, Catania, Italy; 2Hamilton Face Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; 3Preventive Medicine Clinic "Vallex M", Moscow, Russia; 4EKLAN Co Ltd Medical Center for Aesthetic Correction, Moscow, Russia; 5Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, State Medical University, Novosibirsk, RussiaAbstract: Botulinum neurotoxin injections are a valuable treatment modality for many therapeutic indications as well as in the aesthetic field for facial rejuvenation. As successful treatment requires repeated injections over a long period of time, secondary resistance to botulinum toxin preparations after repeated injections is an ongoing concern. We report five case studies in which neutralizing antibodies to botulinum toxin type A developed after injection for aesthetic use and resulted in secondary treatment failure. These results add to the growing number of reports in the literature for secondary treatment failure associated with high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the aesthetic field. Clinicians should be aware of this risk and implement injection protocols that minimize resistance development.Keywords: aesthetic medicine, botulinum neurotoxin type A, neutralizing antibody, secondary treatment failure
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