| Summary: | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The marine sponge <it>Tethya wilhelma </it>and the freshwater sponge <it>Ephydatia muelleri </it>are emerging model organisms to study evolution, gene regulation, development, and physiology in non-bilaterian animal systems. Thus far, functional methods (i.e., loss or gain of function) for these organisms have not been available.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show that soaking developing freshwater sponges in double-stranded RNA and/or feeding marine and freshwater sponges bacteria expressing double-stranded RNA can lead to RNA interference and reduction of targeted transcript levels. These methods, first utilized in <it>C. elegans</it>, have been adapted for the development and feeding style of easily cultured marine and freshwater poriferans. We demonstrate phenotypic changes result from 'knocking down' expression of the actin gene.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This technique provides an easy, efficient loss-of-function manipulation for developmental and gene regulatory studies in these important non-bilaterian animals.</p>
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