Smoking from a Younger Age Is the Dominant Factor in the Incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Case-Control Study

Smoking from a Younger Age Is the Dominant Factor in the Incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Case-Control Study

Background: Indonesia ranks 7th highest in the world for the number of deaths caused by tobacco use including those caused by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of initial smoking age and habit on the incidence of COPD. Methods: Thi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Winda Safitri, Santi Martini, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Chung-Yi Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-06-01
Series:International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Subjects:
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
tobacco use
initial smoking age
smoking habit
smoking duration
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/11/6047

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