Transcriptional Regulation of the Multiple Resistance Mechanisms in <i>Salmonella</i>—A Review

• Main Authors: Michał Wójcicki, Olga Świder, Kamila J. Daniluk, Paulina Średnicka, Monika Akimowicz, Marek Ł. Roszko, Barbara Sokołowska, Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-06-01
• Series: Pathogens
• Subjects: <i>Salmonella</i>; transcription regulators; antibiotic resistance
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/7/801

The widespread use of antibiotics, especially those with a broad spectrum of activity, has resulted in the development of multidrug resistance in many strains of bacteria, including <i>Salmonella</i>. <i>Salmonella</i> is among the most prevalent causes of intoxication due to the consumption of contaminated food and water. Salmonellosis caused by this pathogen is pharmacologically treated using antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. This foodborne pathogen developed several molecular mechanisms of resistance both on the level of global and local transcription modulators. The increasing rate of antibiotic resistance in <i>Salmonella</i> poses a significant global concern, and an improved understanding of the multidrug resistance mechanisms in <i>Salmonella</i> is essential for choosing the suitable antibiotic for the treatment of infections. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms that control gene expression related to antibiotic resistance of <i>Salmonella</i> strains. We characterized regulators acting as transcription activators and repressors, as well as two-component signal transduction systems. We also discuss the background of the molecular mechanisms of the resistance to metals, regulators of multidrug resistance to antibiotics, global regulators of the LysR family, as well as regulators of histone-like proteins.