The Mechanisms Underlying the Cytotoxic Effects of Copper Via Differentiated Embryonic Chondrocyte Gene 1

• Main Authors: Ssu-Yu Chen, Shu-Ting Liu, Wun-Rong Lin, Chi-Kang Lin, Shih-Ming Huang
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2019-10-01
• Series: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
• Subjects: copper sulfate; cytotoxicity; reactive oxygen species; disulfiram; differentiated embryonic chondrocyte gene 1
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/20/5225

Copper is an essential trace element within cells, but it also exerts cytotoxic effects through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. To determine the mechanisms underlying copper-induced ROS production, we examined the effects of copper sulfate in HeLa cells. Exposure to copper sulfate led to dose-dependent decreases in HeLa cell viability, along with increases in the subG1 and G2/M populations and corresponding decreases in the G1 population. Copper sulfate also increased the levels of apoptosis, senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, ROS, and the expression of several stress proteins, including ATF3, c-Fos, DEC1 (differentiated embryonic chondrocyte gene 1), p21, p53, and HIF-1&#945; (hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha). The suppression of copper-induced ROS generation by the ROS scavenger <i>N</i>-acetyl cysteine verified copper&#8217;s functional role, while the suppression of copper&#8217;s effects by the copper chelator disulfiram, confirmed its specificity. Selective induction of HIF-1&#945;, p53, and phosphorylated ERK proteins by copper was blocked by the knockdown of the transcription factor DEC1, suggesting copper&#8217;s effects are mediated by DEC1. In addition to HeLa cells, copper also exerted cytotoxic effects in human endometrial (HEC-1-A) and lung (A549) adenocarcinoma cells, but not in normal human kidney (HEK293) or bronchial (Beas-2B) epithelial cells. These findings shed new light on the functional roles of copper within cells.