| Summary: | <i>Background:</i> Early sports practice is associated with several health benefits during childhood and adolescence, moreover, recent evidence also suggests that sports during childhood and adolescence can produce some benefits during adulthood. However, the association between early sports practice and arterial thickness is not clear. Thus, our aim was analyze the association between sports participation in childhood and adolescence, carotid/femoral intima⁻media thickness, and blood flow index in adulthood. <i>Material and Methods:</i> Sample was composed of 107 adults (64 males) between 30 years and 50 years, which were recruited from different gyms and university staff from São Paulo State University. Participants were divided according to sports participation in early life (engaged in sports during childhood and adolescence (<i>n</i> = 52) and no engagement in sports during childhood and adolescence (<i>n</i> = 55)). Carotid and femoral intima⁻media thickness were measured through Doppler ultrasonography method. Carotid and femoral index were estimated from ultrasonography measures. As covariates, the following were adopted: chronological age, sex, body fat (through dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), c-reactive protein, HOMA, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, mean arterial pressure and current physical activity (pedometer). General estimating equations were used, adopting <i>p</i> < 0.05. <i>Results:</i> In the adjusted analyses, early sports participation was associated with lower carotid intima⁻media index (early sports participation: 0.64 mm ± 0.14 mm vs. no early sports participation: 0.71 mm ± 0.21 mm; <i>p</i> = 0.011), but not associated with femoral intima⁻media thickness, carotid resistive index and femoral resistive index after the adjustment by potential confounders. <i>Conclusions:</i> Sports participation in childhood and adolescence was associated with a reduced carotid intima⁻media thickness, independently of relevant confounders.
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