| Summary: | As a green advanced process for drinking water treatment, the UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) process has been gradually applied in China. To study the effect and mechanism of organic matter removal and the development of microbial communities in the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-biological activated carbon (UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-BAC) process, a pilot-scale UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-BAC system was built and operated over one year. Low water temperature affects the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> process efficiency, the biofilms in the BAC system were mature and stable after 240 days, and the contribution rate of BAC adsorption to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal was approximately 14.2% after one year of operation. The liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) analysis shows that UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> process can increase the amounts of Low Molecular Weight (LMW) neutrals, and the specific UV absorbance (SUVA<sub>254</sub>) value is not suitable for predicting Trihalomethanes (THMs) precursor contents in water after UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> treatment. High-throughput sequencing results prove that microbial species in the middle section are the most abundant compared to those in the influent and effluent sections, hydrogen peroxide has lower inhibition on the development of microbial community than ozone and the low concentration of hydrogen peroxide (<0.25 mg/L) promotes the development of the microbial communities, hydrogen peroxide can reduce <i>Proteobacteria</i> abundance by inhibiting the growth of anaerobes. <i>Acidobacteria</i> may have a certain contribution to the degradation of soil organic matter (SOM), and the effluent section of BAC with low DOC concentration cannot form the dominant species of <i>Rhodobacter</i>.
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