<title language="eng">The function of female resistance behavior: Intromission by male coercion vs. female cooperation in sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)

Este artículo intenta organizar algunas ideas teóricas sobre posibles conflictos entre machos y hembras en cuanto a la cópula. Las ideas se ilustran con datos nuevos de una familia de moscas (Sepsidae), y con otros datos ya publicados sobre otros insectos. El hecho de que una hembra opone resistenci...

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Main Author: William G Eberhard
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Vicerractoría Investigación 2002-06-01
Series:Revista de Biología Tropical
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442002000200009
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spelling doaj-abed7522a92e4fe98b1cc9561db4a3592020-11-24T22:54:11ZengVicerractoría InvestigaciónRevista de Biología Tropical0034-77442215-20752002-06-01502485505<title language="eng">The function of female resistance behavior: Intromission by male coercion vs. female cooperation in sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)William G EberhardEste artículo intenta organizar algunas ideas teóricas sobre posibles conflictos entre machos y hembras en cuanto a la cópula. Las ideas se ilustran con datos nuevos de una familia de moscas (Sepsidae), y con otros datos ya publicados sobre otros insectos. El hecho de que una hembra opone resistencia a la penetración por el macho no implica en sí mismo que la cópula es forzada, ya que la resistencia de la hembra también puede funcionar como una prueba del macho, para así tamizar entre diferentes machos y conseguir hijos superiores. Se contrastan dos hipótesis para el macho, la de la cópula por coerción vs. la de la cópula por persuasión; también se contrastan, desde la perspectiva de la hembra, dos hipóteses relacionadas, la resistencia para evitar a todo macho en forma no selectiva vs. la resistencia para tamizar entre machos. Cuando la morfología de la genitalia de los dos sexos es tal que el macho no es físicamente capaz de forzar la intromisión, como es el caso en las moscas sépsidas y probablemente en muchos otros insectos (a pesar de algunas publicaciones que sugieren lo contrario), las hipótesis contrastantes para cada sexo pueden resolverse con datos sobre el contexto ecológico en el cual ocurre la interacción macho-hembra. Se realizó un análisis de esta clase con los sépsidos. Parece más probable que la resistencia energética que la hembra pone al macho sea un esfuerzo para tamizar entre machos que un esfuerzo para evitar la cópula en forma no selectiva<br>Female resistance behavior that occurs prior to intromission does not by itself imply forced copulation. Such behavior may function instead as a test of the male in order to favor some males over others, or to induce the male to desist. Thus, male persistence and forcefulness may sometimes be better described as persuasion rather than coercion. Under the persuasion hypothesis, the male only gains intromission due to an active response of the female. Under the coercion hypothesis, male and female are opposed in a physical battle which the female loses if copulation occurs. In species in which males are morphologically incapable of forcing intromission without active female cooperation (I argue here that this is probably a very common situation), data on the behavioral and ecological context in which resistance occurs can distinguish between the two possibilities. Partially congruent functions of resistance, seen from the female point of view, are female resistance to screen (male persuasion), and female resistance to avoid males non-selectively (male coercion). Sepsid flies illustrate these ideas. Females often struggle energetically in apparent attempts to dislodge mounted males and to prevent intromission, and males grasp females with powerful species-specific structures on their front legs and genitalia. This suggests the possibility of coerced intromission. But behavioral and morphological evidence demonstrate that active female cooperation occurs at the moment of intromission, and that males are probably dependent on this cooperation because they are not morphologically equipped to force their genitalia into those of an uncooperative female. Despite the impression from previous publications, male insects in general may seldom be able to achieve intromission by genitalic force. The species-specific forms of the grasping genitalia of male sepsids are probably not the result of an evolutionary arms race between coercive males and unselectively resistant femaleshttp://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442002000200009Sexual selectioncryptic female choicemale-female conflictSepsidae
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author William G Eberhard
spellingShingle William G Eberhard
<title language="eng">The function of female resistance behavior: Intromission by male coercion vs. female cooperation in sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)
Revista de Biología Tropical
Sexual selection
cryptic female choice
male-female conflict
Sepsidae
author_facet William G Eberhard
author_sort William G Eberhard
title <title language="eng">The function of female resistance behavior: Intromission by male coercion vs. female cooperation in sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)
title_short <title language="eng">The function of female resistance behavior: Intromission by male coercion vs. female cooperation in sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)
title_full <title language="eng">The function of female resistance behavior: Intromission by male coercion vs. female cooperation in sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)
title_fullStr <title language="eng">The function of female resistance behavior: Intromission by male coercion vs. female cooperation in sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)
title_full_unstemmed <title language="eng">The function of female resistance behavior: Intromission by male coercion vs. female cooperation in sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)
title_sort <title language="eng">the function of female resistance behavior: intromission by male coercion vs. female cooperation in sepsid flies (diptera: sepsidae)
publisher Vicerractoría Investigación
series Revista de Biología Tropical
issn 0034-7744
2215-2075
publishDate 2002-06-01
description Este artículo intenta organizar algunas ideas teóricas sobre posibles conflictos entre machos y hembras en cuanto a la cópula. Las ideas se ilustran con datos nuevos de una familia de moscas (Sepsidae), y con otros datos ya publicados sobre otros insectos. El hecho de que una hembra opone resistencia a la penetración por el macho no implica en sí mismo que la cópula es forzada, ya que la resistencia de la hembra también puede funcionar como una prueba del macho, para así tamizar entre diferentes machos y conseguir hijos superiores. Se contrastan dos hipótesis para el macho, la de la cópula por coerción vs. la de la cópula por persuasión; también se contrastan, desde la perspectiva de la hembra, dos hipóteses relacionadas, la resistencia para evitar a todo macho en forma no selectiva vs. la resistencia para tamizar entre machos. Cuando la morfología de la genitalia de los dos sexos es tal que el macho no es físicamente capaz de forzar la intromisión, como es el caso en las moscas sépsidas y probablemente en muchos otros insectos (a pesar de algunas publicaciones que sugieren lo contrario), las hipótesis contrastantes para cada sexo pueden resolverse con datos sobre el contexto ecológico en el cual ocurre la interacción macho-hembra. Se realizó un análisis de esta clase con los sépsidos. Parece más probable que la resistencia energética que la hembra pone al macho sea un esfuerzo para tamizar entre machos que un esfuerzo para evitar la cópula en forma no selectiva<br>Female resistance behavior that occurs prior to intromission does not by itself imply forced copulation. Such behavior may function instead as a test of the male in order to favor some males over others, or to induce the male to desist. Thus, male persistence and forcefulness may sometimes be better described as persuasion rather than coercion. Under the persuasion hypothesis, the male only gains intromission due to an active response of the female. Under the coercion hypothesis, male and female are opposed in a physical battle which the female loses if copulation occurs. In species in which males are morphologically incapable of forcing intromission without active female cooperation (I argue here that this is probably a very common situation), data on the behavioral and ecological context in which resistance occurs can distinguish between the two possibilities. Partially congruent functions of resistance, seen from the female point of view, are female resistance to screen (male persuasion), and female resistance to avoid males non-selectively (male coercion). Sepsid flies illustrate these ideas. Females often struggle energetically in apparent attempts to dislodge mounted males and to prevent intromission, and males grasp females with powerful species-specific structures on their front legs and genitalia. This suggests the possibility of coerced intromission. But behavioral and morphological evidence demonstrate that active female cooperation occurs at the moment of intromission, and that males are probably dependent on this cooperation because they are not morphologically equipped to force their genitalia into those of an uncooperative female. Despite the impression from previous publications, male insects in general may seldom be able to achieve intromission by genitalic force. The species-specific forms of the grasping genitalia of male sepsids are probably not the result of an evolutionary arms race between coercive males and unselectively resistant females
topic Sexual selection
cryptic female choice
male-female conflict
Sepsidae
url http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442002000200009
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