Cellular Uptake and Toxicological Effects of Differently Sized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Intestinal Cells

Due to their beneficial properties, the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) is constantly increasing, especially in consumer-related areas, such as food packaging and food additives, which is leading to an increased oral uptake of ZnO NP. Consequently, the aim of our study was to investigate th...

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Main Authors: Anna Mittag, Christian Hoera, Alexander Kämpfe, Martin Westermann, Jochen Kuckelkorn, Thomas Schneider, Michael Glei
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-04-01
Series:Toxics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/5/96
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spelling doaj-ab7336c3e1d14292a62426eda892a5922021-04-27T23:02:29ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042021-04-019969610.3390/toxics9050096Cellular Uptake and Toxicological Effects of Differently Sized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Intestinal CellsAnna Mittag0Christian Hoera1Alexander Kämpfe2Martin Westermann3Jochen Kuckelkorn4Thomas Schneider5Michael Glei6Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, GermanyGerman Environment Agency, Swimming Pool Water, Chemical Analytics, Heinrich-Heine-Straße 12, 08645 Bad Elster, GermanyGerman Environment Agency, Swimming Pool Water, Chemical Analytics, Heinrich-Heine-Straße 12, 08645 Bad Elster, GermanyElectron Microscopy Centre, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, GermanyGerman Environment Agency, Toxicology of Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water, Heinrich-Heine-Straße 12, 08645 Bad Elster, GermanyDepartment of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, GermanyDepartment of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, GermanyDue to their beneficial properties, the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) is constantly increasing, especially in consumer-related areas, such as food packaging and food additives, which is leading to an increased oral uptake of ZnO NP. Consequently, the aim of our study was to investigate the cellular uptake of two differently sized ZnO NP (<50 nm and <100 nm; 12–1229 µmol/L) using two human intestinal cell lines (Caco-2 and LT97) and to examine the possible resulting toxic effects. ZnO NP (<50 nm and <100 nm) were internalized by both cell lines and led to intracellular changes. Both ZnO NP caused time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects, especially at concentrations of 614 µmol/L and 1229 µmol/L, which was associated with an increased rate of apoptotic and dead cells. ZnO NP < 100 nm altered the cell cycle of LT97 cells but not that of Caco-2 cells. ZnO NP < 50 nm led to the formation of micronuclei in LT97 cells. The Ames test revealed no mutagenicity for both ZnO NP. Our results indicate the potential toxicity of ZnO NP after oral exposure, which should be considered before application.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/5/96apoptosisCaco-2cell cyclecytotoxicitygenotoxicityLT97
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Anna Mittag
Christian Hoera
Alexander Kämpfe
Martin Westermann
Jochen Kuckelkorn
Thomas Schneider
Michael Glei
spellingShingle Anna Mittag
Christian Hoera
Alexander Kämpfe
Martin Westermann
Jochen Kuckelkorn
Thomas Schneider
Michael Glei
Cellular Uptake and Toxicological Effects of Differently Sized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Intestinal Cells
Toxics
apoptosis
Caco-2
cell cycle
cytotoxicity
genotoxicity
LT97
author_facet Anna Mittag
Christian Hoera
Alexander Kämpfe
Martin Westermann
Jochen Kuckelkorn
Thomas Schneider
Michael Glei
author_sort Anna Mittag
title Cellular Uptake and Toxicological Effects of Differently Sized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Intestinal Cells
title_short Cellular Uptake and Toxicological Effects of Differently Sized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Intestinal Cells
title_full Cellular Uptake and Toxicological Effects of Differently Sized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Intestinal Cells
title_fullStr Cellular Uptake and Toxicological Effects of Differently Sized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Intestinal Cells
title_full_unstemmed Cellular Uptake and Toxicological Effects of Differently Sized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Intestinal Cells
title_sort cellular uptake and toxicological effects of differently sized zinc oxide nanoparticles in intestinal cells
publisher MDPI AG
series Toxics
issn 2305-6304
publishDate 2021-04-01
description Due to their beneficial properties, the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) is constantly increasing, especially in consumer-related areas, such as food packaging and food additives, which is leading to an increased oral uptake of ZnO NP. Consequently, the aim of our study was to investigate the cellular uptake of two differently sized ZnO NP (<50 nm and <100 nm; 12–1229 µmol/L) using two human intestinal cell lines (Caco-2 and LT97) and to examine the possible resulting toxic effects. ZnO NP (<50 nm and <100 nm) were internalized by both cell lines and led to intracellular changes. Both ZnO NP caused time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects, especially at concentrations of 614 µmol/L and 1229 µmol/L, which was associated with an increased rate of apoptotic and dead cells. ZnO NP < 100 nm altered the cell cycle of LT97 cells but not that of Caco-2 cells. ZnO NP < 50 nm led to the formation of micronuclei in LT97 cells. The Ames test revealed no mutagenicity for both ZnO NP. Our results indicate the potential toxicity of ZnO NP after oral exposure, which should be considered before application.
topic apoptosis
Caco-2
cell cycle
cytotoxicity
genotoxicity
LT97
url https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/5/96
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