| Summary: | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Heat shock transcriptional factors (Hsfs) play a crucial role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress conditions and in plant growth and development. Apple (<it>Malus domestica</it> Borkh) is an economically important fruit tree whose genome has been fully sequenced. So far, no detailed characterization of the Hsf gene family is available for this crop plant.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A genome-wide analysis was carried out in <it>Malus domestica</it> to identify heat shock transcriptional factor (<it>Hsf</it>) genes, named <it>MdHsfs</it>. Twenty five <it>MdHsfs</it> were identified and classified in three main groups (class A, B and C) according to the structural characteristics and to the phylogenetic comparison with <it>Arabidopsis thaliana</it> and <it>Populus trichocarpa.</it> Chromosomal duplications were analyzed and segmental duplications were shown to have occurred more frequently in the expansion of <it>Hsf</it> genes in the apple genome. Furthermore, <it>MdHsfs</it> transcripts were detected in several apple organs, and expression changes were observed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis in developing flowers and fruits as well as in leaves, harvested from trees grown in the field and exposed to the naturally increased temperatures.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The apple genome comprises 25 full length Hsf genes. The data obtained from this investigation contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of the Hsf gene family in apple, and provide the basis for further studies to dissect Hsf function during development as well as in response to environmental stimuli.</p>
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