Effect of Calcination Time on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Performance of Carbon and Nitrogen Co-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles

The application of highly active nano catalysts in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) improves the production of non-selective hydroxyl radicals and co-oxidants for complete remediation of polluted water. This study focused on the synthesis and characterisation of a highly active visible light C–N-...

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Main Authors:	Emile Salomon Massima Mouele, Mihaela Dinu, Franscious Cummings, Ojo O. Fatoba, Myo Tay Zar Myint, Htet Htet Kyaw, Anca C. Parau, Alina Vladescu, M. Grazia Francesconi, Sara Pescetelli, Aldo Di Carlo, Antonio Agresti, Mohammed Al-Abri, Sergey Dobretsov, Mariana Braic, Leslie F. Petrik
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2020-07-01
Series:	Catalysts
Subjects:	nano-photo catalysts pyrolysis holding time band gap crystal structure particle size
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/10/8/847

id	doaj-a4bf3b8cb441437395bab5e4ae750275
record_format	Article
collection	DOAJ
language	English
format	Article
sources	DOAJ
author	Emile Salomon Massima Mouele Mihaela Dinu Franscious Cummings Ojo O. Fatoba Myo Tay Zar Myint Htet Htet Kyaw Anca C. Parau Alina Vladescu M. Grazia Francesconi Sara Pescetelli Aldo Di Carlo Antonio Agresti Mohammed Al-Abri Sergey Dobretsov Mariana Braic Leslie F. Petrik
spellingShingle	Emile Salomon Massima Mouele Mihaela Dinu Franscious Cummings Ojo O. Fatoba Myo Tay Zar Myint Htet Htet Kyaw Anca C. Parau Alina Vladescu M. Grazia Francesconi Sara Pescetelli Aldo Di Carlo Antonio Agresti Mohammed Al-Abri Sergey Dobretsov Mariana Braic Leslie F. Petrik Effect of Calcination Time on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Performance of Carbon and Nitrogen Co-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Catalysts nano-photo catalysts pyrolysis holding time band gap crystal structure particle size
author_facet	Emile Salomon Massima Mouele Mihaela Dinu Franscious Cummings Ojo O. Fatoba Myo Tay Zar Myint Htet Htet Kyaw Anca C. Parau Alina Vladescu M. Grazia Francesconi Sara Pescetelli Aldo Di Carlo Antonio Agresti Mohammed Al-Abri Sergey Dobretsov Mariana Braic Leslie F. Petrik
author_sort	Emile Salomon Massima Mouele
title	Effect of Calcination Time on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Performance of Carbon and Nitrogen Co-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles
title_short	Effect of Calcination Time on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Performance of Carbon and Nitrogen Co-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles
title_full	Effect of Calcination Time on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Performance of Carbon and Nitrogen Co-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles
title_fullStr	Effect of Calcination Time on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Performance of Carbon and Nitrogen Co-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles
title_full_unstemmed	Effect of Calcination Time on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Performance of Carbon and Nitrogen Co-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles
title_sort	effect of calcination time on the physicochemical properties and photocatalytic performance of carbon and nitrogen co-doped tio<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles
publisher	MDPI AG
series	Catalysts
issn	2073-4344
publishDate	2020-07-01
description	The application of highly active nano catalysts in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) improves the production of non-selective hydroxyl radicals and co-oxidants for complete remediation of polluted water. This study focused on the synthesis and characterisation of a highly active visible light C–N-co-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nano catalyst that we prepared via the sol-gel method and pyrolysed at 350 °C for 105 min in an inert atmosphere to prevent combustion of carbon moieties. Then we prolonged the pyrolysis holding time to 120 and 135 min and studied the effect of these changes on the crystal structure, particle size and morphology, electronic properties and photocatalytic performance. The physico-chemical characterisation proved that alteration of pyrolysis holding time allows control of the amount of carbon in the TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst causing variations in the band gap, particle size and morphology and induced changes in electronic properties. The C–N–TiO<sub>2</sub> nano composites were active under both visible and UV light. Their improved activity was ascribed to a low electron–hole pair recombination rate that enhanced the generation of OH<b><sup>.</sup></b> and related oxidants for total deactivation of O.II dye. This study shows that subtle differences in catalyst preparation conditions affect its physico-chemical properties and catalytic efficiency under solar and UV light.
topic	nano-photo catalysts pyrolysis holding time band gap crystal structure particle size
url	https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/10/8/847
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spelling	doaj-a4bf3b8cb441437395bab5e4ae7502752020-11-25T02:53:44ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442020-07-011084784710.3390/catal10080847Effect of Calcination Time on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Performance of Carbon and Nitrogen Co-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> NanoparticlesEmile Salomon Massima Mouele0Mihaela Dinu1Franscious Cummings2Ojo O. Fatoba3Myo Tay Zar Myint4Htet Htet Kyaw5Anca C. Parau6Alina Vladescu7M. Grazia Francesconi8Sara Pescetelli9Aldo Di Carlo10Antonio Agresti11Mohammed Al-Abri12Sergey Dobretsov13Mariana Braic14Leslie F. Petrik15Environmental Nano Science (ENS) research group, Department of Chemistry, UWC, Bellville 7535, South AfricaResearch Center for Advanced Surface Processing and Analysis by Vacuum Technologies (ReCAST), National Institute for Research and development in Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 077125 Magurele, RomaniaElectron Microscope Unit, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South AfricaEnvironmental Nano Science (ENS) research group, Department of Chemistry, UWC, Bellville 7535, South AfricaDepartment of Physics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, 123 Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, OmanNanotechnology Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, OmanResearch Center for Advanced Surface Processing and Analysis by Vacuum Technologies (ReCAST), National Institute for Research and development in Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 077125 Magurele, RomaniaResearch Center for Advanced Surface Processing and Analysis by Vacuum Technologies (ReCAST), National Institute for Research and development in Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 077125 Magurele, RomaniaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UKCHOSE, Electronic Engineering Department University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyCHOSE, Electronic Engineering Department University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyCHOSE, Electronic Engineering Department University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyNanotechnology Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, OmanDepartment of Marine Science and Fisheries, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, OmanResearch Center for Advanced Surface Processing and Analysis by Vacuum Technologies (ReCAST), National Institute for Research and development in Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 077125 Magurele, RomaniaEnvironmental Nano Science (ENS) research group, Department of Chemistry, UWC, Bellville 7535, South AfricaThe application of highly active nano catalysts in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) improves the production of non-selective hydroxyl radicals and co-oxidants for complete remediation of polluted water. This study focused on the synthesis and characterisation of a highly active visible light C–N-co-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nano catalyst that we prepared via the sol-gel method and pyrolysed at 350 °C for 105 min in an inert atmosphere to prevent combustion of carbon moieties. Then we prolonged the pyrolysis holding time to 120 and 135 min and studied the effect of these changes on the crystal structure, particle size and morphology, electronic properties and photocatalytic performance. The physico-chemical characterisation proved that alteration of pyrolysis holding time allows control of the amount of carbon in the TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst causing variations in the band gap, particle size and morphology and induced changes in electronic properties. The C–N–TiO<sub>2</sub> nano composites were active under both visible and UV light. Their improved activity was ascribed to a low electron–hole pair recombination rate that enhanced the generation of OH<b><sup>.</sup></b> and related oxidants for total deactivation of O.II dye. This study shows that subtle differences in catalyst preparation conditions affect its physico-chemical properties and catalytic efficiency under solar and UV light.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/10/8/847nano-photo catalystspyrolysisholding timeband gapcrystal structureparticle size

Effect of Calcination Time on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Performance of Carbon and Nitrogen Co-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles

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