Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal With Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band With User Hand

This paper investigates the performance variation when a different number of antenna elements (AEs) is integrated onto a single MIMO mobile terminal, both in free space and when held in a user hand in data mode. Starting with a minimum of two AEs, this investigation assessed the performance of the M...

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Main Authors: Ahmed Mohamed Elshirkasi, Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi, Ping Jack Soh, Mohd Fais Mansor, Rizwan Khan, Xiaoming Chen, Prayoot Akkaraekthalin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2020-01-01
Series:IEEE Access
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8998312/
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spelling doaj-a46b3ee685944970ae541a05b6004f4c2021-03-30T02:19:41ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362020-01-018281642817710.1109/ACCESS.2020.29715618998312Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal With Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band With User HandAhmed Mohamed Elshirkasi0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-0836Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-5315Ping Jack Soh2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6394-5330Mohd Fais Mansor3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6632-9931Rizwan Khan4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6536-0339Xiaoming Chen5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-1690Prayoot Akkaraekthalin6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6520-0765Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Center of Excellence, School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, MalaysiaAdvanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Center of Excellence, School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, MalaysiaAdvanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Center of Excellence, School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, MalaysiaCentre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, MalaysiaDepartment of Research and Development, Laird Technologies (M) Sdn Bhd, Perai, MalaysiaSchool of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, ChinaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, ThailandThis paper investigates the performance variation when a different number of antenna elements (AEs) is integrated onto a single MIMO mobile terminal, both in free space and when held in a user hand in data mode. Starting with a minimum of two AEs, this investigation assessed the performance of the MIMO terminal with every additional two AEs (up to 18 AEs) in terms of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), efficiency, multiplexing efficiency, capacity and maximal ratio combining (MRC). The integrated MIMO antennas are identical and operate between 5 and 6 GHz for 5G applications. Results indicated that ECC increased with the number of AEs. However, ECC remains less than 0.32 for the case of 18 AEs in both free space and with a user hand. Meanwhile, the free space efficiency of about 90 % for the two AEs is observed to decrease with the increasing number of AEs to about 50 % with 18 AEs. However, the efficiency of elements changes with user hand depending on the level of interaction between each element and the hand. Direct blockage of AEs by the hand resulted in efficiencies of as low as 5 %, while at the same time, other AEs retained an efficiency of up to 75 %. At the center frequency of 5.5 GHz, the free space capacity is 11.1, 49.5 and 83.2 bit/s/Hz with two, ten and 18 AEs, respectively. However, the use of the mobile terminal in the proximity of the user hand degraded these levels by 11 % (two AEs), 35 % (10 AEs) and 31 % (18 AEs). Finally, multiplexing efficiency showed that capacity degradation is caused mainly by the degradation of AEs efficiency, whereas the impact of low correlation between AEs is found to be an insignificant factor. In addition to the capacity analysis, gain and diversity gain of the maximal ratio combining technique was also investigated.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8998312/Ergodic capacity5G MIMO antennamobile terminalmultiplexing efficiencyuser effectmaximal ratio combining
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Ahmed Mohamed Elshirkasi
Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi
Ping Jack Soh
Mohd Fais Mansor
Rizwan Khan
Xiaoming Chen
Prayoot Akkaraekthalin
spellingShingle Ahmed Mohamed Elshirkasi
Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi
Ping Jack Soh
Mohd Fais Mansor
Rizwan Khan
Xiaoming Chen
Prayoot Akkaraekthalin
Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal With Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band With User Hand
IEEE Access
Ergodic capacity
5G MIMO antenna
mobile terminal
multiplexing efficiency
user effect
maximal ratio combining
author_facet Ahmed Mohamed Elshirkasi
Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi
Ping Jack Soh
Mohd Fais Mansor
Rizwan Khan
Xiaoming Chen
Prayoot Akkaraekthalin
author_sort Ahmed Mohamed Elshirkasi
title Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal With Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band With User Hand
title_short Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal With Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band With User Hand
title_full Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal With Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band With User Hand
title_fullStr Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal With Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band With User Hand
title_full_unstemmed Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal With Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band With User Hand
title_sort performance study of a mimo mobile terminal with upto 18 elements operating in the sub-6 ghz 5g band with user hand
publisher IEEE
series IEEE Access
issn 2169-3536
publishDate 2020-01-01
description This paper investigates the performance variation when a different number of antenna elements (AEs) is integrated onto a single MIMO mobile terminal, both in free space and when held in a user hand in data mode. Starting with a minimum of two AEs, this investigation assessed the performance of the MIMO terminal with every additional two AEs (up to 18 AEs) in terms of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), efficiency, multiplexing efficiency, capacity and maximal ratio combining (MRC). The integrated MIMO antennas are identical and operate between 5 and 6 GHz for 5G applications. Results indicated that ECC increased with the number of AEs. However, ECC remains less than 0.32 for the case of 18 AEs in both free space and with a user hand. Meanwhile, the free space efficiency of about 90 % for the two AEs is observed to decrease with the increasing number of AEs to about 50 % with 18 AEs. However, the efficiency of elements changes with user hand depending on the level of interaction between each element and the hand. Direct blockage of AEs by the hand resulted in efficiencies of as low as 5 %, while at the same time, other AEs retained an efficiency of up to 75 %. At the center frequency of 5.5 GHz, the free space capacity is 11.1, 49.5 and 83.2 bit/s/Hz with two, ten and 18 AEs, respectively. However, the use of the mobile terminal in the proximity of the user hand degraded these levels by 11 % (two AEs), 35 % (10 AEs) and 31 % (18 AEs). Finally, multiplexing efficiency showed that capacity degradation is caused mainly by the degradation of AEs efficiency, whereas the impact of low correlation between AEs is found to be an insignificant factor. In addition to the capacity analysis, gain and diversity gain of the maximal ratio combining technique was also investigated.
topic Ergodic capacity
5G MIMO antenna
mobile terminal
multiplexing efficiency
user effect
maximal ratio combining
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8998312/
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