| Summary: | The identification of adulteration practices of medicinal plants used as herbal medicine is very important to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy. In this study, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR)-based metabolite fingerprinting coupled with multivariate analysis were used for authentication of <i>Curcuma xanthorrhiza</i> extract from <i>Curcuma aeruginosa</i>. Curcumin contents obtained from <i>C. xanthorrhiza</i> extract from various regions were in the range of 0.74%–1.23%. Meanwhile, curcumin contents obtained from <i>C. xanthorrhiza</i> extract adulterated with 0%, 10%, 25%, 40%, 50%, and 75% of <i>C. aeruginosa</i> were 1.02%, 0.96%, 0.86%, 0.69%, 0.43%, and 0.27%, respectively. The decreasing of curcumin contents in adulterant concentrations of 40% and more in <i>C. xanthorrhiza</i> rhizome could indicate the adulteration with other rhizomes. Multivariate analysis of PCA (principal component analysis) using data set obtained from <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectra clearly discriminated pure and adulterated <i>C. xanthorrhiza</i> with <i>C. aeruginosa</i>. OPLS-DA (orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis) successfully classified pure and adulterated <i>C. xanthorrhiza</i> with higher R2X (0.965), R2Y (0.958), and Q2(cum) (0.93). It can be concluded that <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-based metabolite fingerprinting coupled with PCA and OPLS-DA offers an adequate method to assess adulteration practice and to evaluate the authentication of <i>C. xanthorrhiza</i> extracts.
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