Promoter Hypermethylation of Tumor-Suppressor Genes <i>p16^INK4a, RASSF1A, TIMP3</i>, and <i>PCQAP/MED15</i> in Salivary DNA as a Quadruple Biomarker Panel for Early Detection of Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers

• Main Authors: Chamikara Liyanage, Asanga Wathupola, Sanjayan Muraleetharan, Kanthi Perera, Chamindie Punyadeera, Preethi Udagama
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2019-04-01
• Series: Biomolecules
• Subjects: oral cancer; oropharyngeal cancer; tumor-suppressor genes; promoter hypermethylation
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/4/148

Silencing of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) by DNA promoter hypermethylation is an early event in carcinogenesis; hence, TSGs may serve as early tumor biomarkers. We determined the promoter methylation levels of <i>p16^INK4a</i>, <i>RASSF1A</i>, <i>TIMP3</i>, and <i>PCQAP/MED15</i> TSGs in salivary DNA from oral cancer (OC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) patients, using methylation-specific PCR coupled with densitometry analysis. We assessed the association between DNA methylation of individual TSGs with OC and OPC risk factors. The performance and the clinical validity of this quadruple-methylation marker panel were evaluated in discriminating OC and OPC patients from healthy controls using the CombiROC web tool. Our study reports that <i>RASSF1A</i>, <i>TIMP3</i>, and <i>PCQAP/MED15</i> TSGs were significantly hypermethylated in OC and OPC cases compared to healthy controls. DNA methylation levels of TSGs were significantly augmented by smoking, alcohol use, and betel quid chewing, indicating the fact that frequent exposure to risk factors may drive oral and oropharyngeal carcinogenesis through TSG promoter hypermethylation. Also, this quadruple-methylation marker panel of <i>p16^INK4a</i>, <i>RASSF1A</i>, <i>TIMP3</i>, and <i>PCQAP/MED15</i> TSGs demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy in the early detection of OC at 91.7% sensitivity and 92.3% specificity and of OPC at 99.8% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity from healthy controls.