Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology

Introduction and objectives: Headaches (including migraines) and epilepsy have a high level of comorbidity and may be confused during diagnosis. Although physicians have known for centuries that these two conditions are somehow linked, their relationship remains poorly understood. Herein we describe...

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Main Authors: A. Caminero, R. Manso-Calderón
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier España 2014-10-01
Series:Neurología (English Edition)
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580814001138
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spelling doaj-9a5ff48eb9e444b19578658e5135b6442020-11-25T03:22:03ZengElsevier EspañaNeurología (English Edition)2173-58082014-10-01298453463Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminologyA. Caminero0R. Manso-Calderón1Corresponding author.; Sección de Neurología, Complejo Asistencial de Ávila, Ávila, SpainSección de Neurología, Complejo Asistencial de Ávila, Ávila, SpainIntroduction and objectives: Headaches (including migraines) and epilepsy have a high level of comorbidity and may be confused during diagnosis. Although physicians have known for centuries that these two conditions are somehow linked, their relationship remains poorly understood. Herein we describe the known associations between them, their underlying physiopathologic and genetic mechanisms, and the treatments recommended for them. Method: We have reviewed the most relevant publication of headache/migraine and epilepsy by using the PubMed data base. Description: An individual can suffer both from headaches (either migraine and/or other type of headache) and epilepsy, either by chance or because of a common underlying pathology. In these cases, the headache usually occurs at a different moment than the seizure (“interictal headache”). However, headaches sometimes occur simultaneously with, or very close in time to, the seizure: one that occurs at the same time as an epileptic seizure is known as an “ictal epileptic headache” or as “hemicrania epileptica”; one that precedes a seizure is known as a “pre-ictal headache”; and one that follows a seizure is known as a “post-ictal headache”. There is a particular type of pre-ictal headache, known as “migralepsy”, which occurs during or just after a migraine aura. Conclusions: The terminology and concepts employed to describe possible associations between headaches (mainly migraines) and epilepsy have evolved over time with increasing clinical and physiopathogenic knowledge. Some researchers have suggested eliminating the term migralepsy and using the terms ictal epileptic headache and hemicrania epileptica exclusively and uniformly in all classification systems. Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: Cefalea (especialmente la migraña) y epilepsia son entidades con elevada comorbilidad que pueden confundirse desde el punto de vista clínico. Existe una relación bidireccional entre ambas, conocida desde hace siglos, pero aún no bien comprendida. Describimos las distintas modalidades de asociación existentes entre ellas, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos y genéticos subyacentes y los tratamientos recomendados. Método: Hemos revisado las publicaciones más relevantes sobre la asociación entre migraña/cefalea y epilepsia utilizando la base de datos de PubMed. Descripción: En un mismo individuo, la epilepsia puede coexistir con algún tipo de cefalea (sobre todo migraña) por azar o a través de una etiología subyacente común. En ambos casos, los ataques de una y otra se presentan en diferentes momentos temporales (“cefalea interictal”). Cuando la cefalea es parte de la propia crisis, estamos ante una hemicránea epiléptica o ante una cefalea epiléptica ictal. La cefalea que aparece tras la crisis, define una cefalea post-ictal. La cefalea que la precede, se denomina cefalea preictal. Un tipo especial de esta última es la migralepsia, término que hace referencia a las crisis que aparecen durante o poco después del aura migrañosa. Conclusiones: La terminología y los conceptos que definen las posibles asociaciones entre cefalea/migraña y epilepsia han ido evolucionando a lo largo del tiempo, en virtud del mayor conocimiento clínico y fisiopatogénico. Se ha propuesto suprimir el término de migralepsia, y utilizar de forma restringida y uniforme los términos cefalea epiléptica ictal y hemicránea epiléptica en todos los sistemas de clasificación. Keywords: Aura, Headache, Epileptic seizures, Epilepsy, Migralepsy, Migraine, Palabras clave: Aura, Cefalea, Crisis epiléptica, Epilepsia, Migralepsia, Migrañahttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580814001138
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author A. Caminero
R. Manso-Calderón
spellingShingle A. Caminero
R. Manso-Calderón
Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology
Neurología (English Edition)
author_facet A. Caminero
R. Manso-Calderón
author_sort A. Caminero
title Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology
title_short Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology
title_full Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology
title_fullStr Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology
title_full_unstemmed Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology
title_sort links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology
publisher Elsevier España
series Neurología (English Edition)
issn 2173-5808
publishDate 2014-10-01
description Introduction and objectives: Headaches (including migraines) and epilepsy have a high level of comorbidity and may be confused during diagnosis. Although physicians have known for centuries that these two conditions are somehow linked, their relationship remains poorly understood. Herein we describe the known associations between them, their underlying physiopathologic and genetic mechanisms, and the treatments recommended for them. Method: We have reviewed the most relevant publication of headache/migraine and epilepsy by using the PubMed data base. Description: An individual can suffer both from headaches (either migraine and/or other type of headache) and epilepsy, either by chance or because of a common underlying pathology. In these cases, the headache usually occurs at a different moment than the seizure (“interictal headache”). However, headaches sometimes occur simultaneously with, or very close in time to, the seizure: one that occurs at the same time as an epileptic seizure is known as an “ictal epileptic headache” or as “hemicrania epileptica”; one that precedes a seizure is known as a “pre-ictal headache”; and one that follows a seizure is known as a “post-ictal headache”. There is a particular type of pre-ictal headache, known as “migralepsy”, which occurs during or just after a migraine aura. Conclusions: The terminology and concepts employed to describe possible associations between headaches (mainly migraines) and epilepsy have evolved over time with increasing clinical and physiopathogenic knowledge. Some researchers have suggested eliminating the term migralepsy and using the terms ictal epileptic headache and hemicrania epileptica exclusively and uniformly in all classification systems. Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: Cefalea (especialmente la migraña) y epilepsia son entidades con elevada comorbilidad que pueden confundirse desde el punto de vista clínico. Existe una relación bidireccional entre ambas, conocida desde hace siglos, pero aún no bien comprendida. Describimos las distintas modalidades de asociación existentes entre ellas, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos y genéticos subyacentes y los tratamientos recomendados. Método: Hemos revisado las publicaciones más relevantes sobre la asociación entre migraña/cefalea y epilepsia utilizando la base de datos de PubMed. Descripción: En un mismo individuo, la epilepsia puede coexistir con algún tipo de cefalea (sobre todo migraña) por azar o a través de una etiología subyacente común. En ambos casos, los ataques de una y otra se presentan en diferentes momentos temporales (“cefalea interictal”). Cuando la cefalea es parte de la propia crisis, estamos ante una hemicránea epiléptica o ante una cefalea epiléptica ictal. La cefalea que aparece tras la crisis, define una cefalea post-ictal. La cefalea que la precede, se denomina cefalea preictal. Un tipo especial de esta última es la migralepsia, término que hace referencia a las crisis que aparecen durante o poco después del aura migrañosa. Conclusiones: La terminología y los conceptos que definen las posibles asociaciones entre cefalea/migraña y epilepsia han ido evolucionando a lo largo del tiempo, en virtud del mayor conocimiento clínico y fisiopatogénico. Se ha propuesto suprimir el término de migralepsia, y utilizar de forma restringida y uniforme los términos cefalea epiléptica ictal y hemicránea epiléptica en todos los sistemas de clasificación. Keywords: Aura, Headache, Epileptic seizures, Epilepsy, Migralepsy, Migraine, Palabras clave: Aura, Cefalea, Crisis epiléptica, Epilepsia, Migralepsia, Migraña
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580814001138
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