| Summary: | The aim of this study was to investigate the histological alterations and melanomacrophage and pigmented macrophage counting in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) after exposed to non-essential (HgCl2) and essential (NiCl2, ZnSO4 and CuSO4) elements by duration time (24, 48 and 72 h) and concentration (2, 4 and 6 mg/kg) of exposure. We found that the type of element and concentration of exposure causes the alterations of gill, liver, and kidney. Observable damages to gills include epithelial lifting, hyperplasia, oedema, and partial fusion of lamellae. In the liver tissue, enlargement of sinusoid and vacuolation were observed. As for kidney tissue, there was occurrence of degeneration of tubular, vacuolation, melanomacrophage aggregate, Bowman' space increase, and dilation of renal tubular. The highest of alteration exhibited in kidney. Melanomacrophage and pigmented macrophage counting showed the highest values of 173±3 at 6 mg/kg. HgCl2 concentration for 72 h which was 2.1 time higher than control and vehicle control group, in contrast, the lowest was observed in ZnSO4 at 2 mg/kg for 24 h. Both in non-essential and essential treated group melanomacrophage and pigmented macrophage counting were significant different as compared to control and vehicle control group with 95% confidence (p < 0.05). In addition, the comparisons of severity of tissues alteration showed that the HgCl2 caused the highest alteration while the ZnSO4 caused minimal alteration (HgCl2> NiCl2> CuSO4> ZnSO4). Kidneys exhibited the highest level of tissue alteration, while gills showed the least alteration.
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