| Summary: | Background The presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) dramatically increases higher morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have suggested that early rhythm control may alleviate the burden of poor outcomes. Currently, there remain limited data on whether rhythm or rate control has better efficacy. This study sought to compare both strategies in HFpEF patients with AF. Methods Databases were searched throughout 2020. Studies that reported cardiovascular outcomes amongst HFpEF patients with AF who received either rhythm or rate control were included. Estimates of the effects from the individual studies were extracted and combined using random-effects, a generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird. Results Five observational studies were included in the analysis, consisting of 16,953 patients, 13.8% of whom were receiving rhythm control. In comparison with rate control, rhythm control was associated with decreased overall mortality rates (pooled RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75–0.95, with I<sup>2</sup> = 0%, <i>p</i> value = 0.009). Conclusions In HFpEF patients with AF, rhythm control was associated with lower mortality, compared to rate control. Further studies are warranted to validate our observation.
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