| Summary: | Abstract This study investigated the relationship between higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and myopia progression as well as axial elongation in schoolchildren. We examined cycloplegic refraction, axial length, and wavefront aberrations prospectively in 71 myopic children. Changes in cycloplegic refraction and axial length during a 2-year study period were assessed, and their correlations with HOA components were analyzed. Sixty-four subjects ([mean ± SD] 9.2 ± 1.6 years) completed the 2-year examinations. Cycloplegic refraction was significantly changed after 2 years (P < 0.0001), and the average change (myopia progression) was −1.60 ± 1.04 D. Axial length also increased significantly (P < 0.0001), and the average increase (axial elongation) was 0.77 ± 0.40 mm. Myopia progression and axial elongation showed significant correlations with many components of corneal HOA (P < 0.0001 to P = 0.0270). Multivariate analysis showed that the total HOA of the cornea was the most relevant variable to myopia progression and axial elongation (P < 0.0001). Eyes with larger amounts of corneal HOAs showed less myopia progression and smaller axial elongation, suggesting that corneal HOAs play a role in the refractive and ocular developments in children.
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