| Summary: | Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was employed to relate the root surface area (RSA) to the periodontal attachment levels (PALs) of extracted premolars to diagnose periodontitis. Single-rooted human maxillary and mandibular premolars 31 and 36, respectively, were surveyed by micro-CT and its associated software. RSA levels from the 1st to 10th mm, corono-apically, were analyzed using statistical t tests. The average root length (RL) and RSA of the maxillary and mandibular premolars were significantly different (p < 0.05). Both premolars demonstrated a non-significant RSA percentage comparison at the evaluated PALs. For the 30% coronal 2-D radiographic RL, the 3-D RSAs 3.77 mm and 3.99 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) were 39.48% and 40.65% for maxillary and mandibular premolars, respectively. At the 15% coronal 2-D RL, the 3-D RSA 2 mm apical to the CEJ of the premolars was approximately 21%. At the 50% coronal 2-D RL level, approximately 62% coronal 3-D RSA and 6.5 mm RL decreased. The amount of decrease of the RSA attachment is significant in every 2-mm measurement for both premolars. Sampling periodontal microbial pathogens based on the condition of 2-D radiographic bone and clinical attachment losses without considering 3-D RSA is potentially inadequate and may underestimate the severity of the periodontitis.
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