Into the shadows: sanctions, rentierism, and economic informalization in Venezuela
This article studies the effects of sanctions on different economic sectors in Venezuela, framed as a rentier capitalist state. We analyse four sectors: hydrocarbons, agriculture, manufacturing, and what we call “emerging sectors” (mining and cryptocurrency activities). We argue that sanctions and c...
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doaj-8c45c6d3aba642e0b353254d53094af22020-11-25T02:24:27ZengCEDLAEuropean Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies1879-47502020-05-0110910713310.32992/erlacs.105569957Into the shadows: sanctions, rentierism, and economic informalization in VenezuelaBenedicte Bull0Antulio Rosales1Universitetet i OsloUniversitetet i OsloThis article studies the effects of sanctions on different economic sectors in Venezuela, framed as a rentier capitalist state. We analyse four sectors: hydrocarbons, agriculture, manufacturing, and what we call “emerging sectors” (mining and cryptocurrency activities). We argue that sanctions and counter-strategies employed by the state have produced multiple transformations, such as the informalization and criminalization of the economy, which undercut the recovery of Venezuelan economic development and democracy. These effects manifest in an increase in the barter-economy, de facto dollarization, the expansion of activities such as mining and cryptocurrency use, and the spread of illegal actors and military intervention in critical sectors. This study is inscribed in comparative and international politics traditions, related to the interactions of international constraints with domestic political economy actors and structures. Through a qualitative approach, we fill an important gap both in the literature on Venezuelan sanctions, and on sanctions more broadly. '' Resumen: Hacia las sombras: Sanciones, rentismo e informalización económica en Venezuela El artículo estudia los efectos de las sanciones en diferentes sectores económicos en Venezuela, visto como un estado rentista. Analizamos cuatro sectores: hidrocarburos, agricultura, manufacturas y lo que denominadmos “sectores emergentes” (actividades mineras y de criptomonedas). Sostenemos que las sanciones y contra-estrategias empleadas por el Estado han producido múltiples transformaciones, como la informalización y criminalización de la economía, que socavan la recuperación del desarrollo económico y la democracia venezolana. Estos efectos se manifiestan en un aumento de la economía de trueque, dolarización de facto, la expansión de actividades como la minería y las criptomonedas, y la propagación de actores ilegales e intervención militar en sectores críticos. Este estudio se inscribe en tradiciones políticas comparativas e internacionales, relacionadas con las interacciones de las restricciones internacionales con los actores y estructuras de la economía política nacional. A través de un enfoque cualitativo, llenamos un importante vacío tanto en la literatura sobre sanciones venezolanas, como sobre sanciones en general.https://www.erlacs.org/articles/10556sanctions, rentier capitalism, oil, regime change, venezuela, gold mining, nicolás maduro. sanciones, capitalismo rentista, petróleo, cambio de régimen, venezuela, minería de oro, nicolás maduro. |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Benedicte Bull Antulio Rosales |
spellingShingle |
Benedicte Bull Antulio Rosales Into the shadows: sanctions, rentierism, and economic informalization in Venezuela European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies sanctions, rentier capitalism, oil, regime change, venezuela, gold mining, nicolás maduro. sanciones, capitalismo rentista, petróleo, cambio de régimen, venezuela, minería de oro, nicolás maduro. |
author_facet |
Benedicte Bull Antulio Rosales |
author_sort |
Benedicte Bull |
title |
Into the shadows: sanctions, rentierism, and economic informalization in Venezuela |
title_short |
Into the shadows: sanctions, rentierism, and economic informalization in Venezuela |
title_full |
Into the shadows: sanctions, rentierism, and economic informalization in Venezuela |
title_fullStr |
Into the shadows: sanctions, rentierism, and economic informalization in Venezuela |
title_full_unstemmed |
Into the shadows: sanctions, rentierism, and economic informalization in Venezuela |
title_sort |
into the shadows: sanctions, rentierism, and economic informalization in venezuela |
publisher |
CEDLA |
series |
European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies |
issn |
1879-4750 |
publishDate |
2020-05-01 |
description |
This article studies the effects of sanctions on different economic sectors in Venezuela, framed as a rentier capitalist state. We analyse four sectors: hydrocarbons, agriculture, manufacturing, and what we call “emerging sectors” (mining and cryptocurrency activities). We argue that sanctions and counter-strategies employed by the state have produced multiple transformations, such as the informalization and criminalization of the economy, which undercut the recovery of Venezuelan economic development and democracy. These effects manifest in an increase in the barter-economy, de facto dollarization, the expansion of activities such as mining and cryptocurrency use, and the spread of illegal actors and military intervention in critical sectors. This study is inscribed in comparative and international politics traditions, related to the interactions of international constraints with domestic political economy actors and structures. Through a qualitative approach, we fill an important gap both in the literature on Venezuelan sanctions, and on sanctions more broadly. '' Resumen: Hacia las sombras: Sanciones, rentismo e informalización económica en Venezuela El artículo estudia los efectos de las sanciones en diferentes sectores económicos en Venezuela, visto como un estado rentista. Analizamos cuatro sectores: hidrocarburos, agricultura, manufacturas y lo que denominadmos “sectores emergentes” (actividades mineras y de criptomonedas). Sostenemos que las sanciones y contra-estrategias empleadas por el Estado han producido múltiples transformaciones, como la informalización y criminalización de la economía, que socavan la recuperación del desarrollo económico y la democracia venezolana. Estos efectos se manifiestan en un aumento de la economía de trueque, dolarización de facto, la expansión de actividades como la minería y las criptomonedas, y la propagación de actores ilegales e intervención militar en sectores críticos. Este estudio se inscribe en tradiciones políticas comparativas e internacionales, relacionadas con las interacciones de las restricciones internacionales con los actores y estructuras de la economía política nacional. A través de un enfoque cualitativo, llenamos un importante vacío tanto en la literatura sobre sanciones venezolanas, como sobre sanciones en general. |
topic |
sanctions, rentier capitalism, oil, regime change, venezuela, gold mining, nicolás maduro. sanciones, capitalismo rentista, petróleo, cambio de régimen, venezuela, minería de oro, nicolás maduro. |
url |
https://www.erlacs.org/articles/10556 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT benedictebull intotheshadowssanctionsrentierismandeconomicinformalizationinvenezuela AT antuliorosales intotheshadowssanctionsrentierismandeconomicinformalizationinvenezuela |
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