The Effects on Inappropriate Weight for Gestational Age of an SMS Based Educational Intervention for Pregnant Women in Xi’an China: A Quasi-Randomized Controlled Trial

• Main Authors: Zhongliang Zhou, Yanfang Su, Jesse Heitner, Yafei Si, Dan Wang, Zhiying Zhou, Changzheng Yuan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2020-02-01
• Series: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
• Subjects: inappropriate weight for gestational age; short message service; quasi-randomized controlled trial; mhealth
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/5/1482

Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of maternal text messages on inappropriate weight for gestational age (IWGA) in newborns in rural China. Methods: Participants were pregnant women presenting for antenatal care at a Maternal and Child Health Center in Xi’an, China during the 2013−2015 period. In total, 2115 women completed the program with follow-up information included in the final analyses. All mothers were divided into four groups, including (1) a control group that received only a few “Basic” messages, (2) a Care-Seeking (CS) message group, (3) Good Household Prenatal Practices (GHPP) message group, and (4) a group receiving all 148 text messages. The primary outcome was IWGA, including small for gestational age (SGA) and macrosomia (weighing ≥4000g at birth). Multivariable logistic regression using an intent-to-treat estimate was utilized. Results: In total, 19.5% of newborns were IWGA. The risk of IWGA was 23.0% in the control group, 19.6% in the CS group, 18.9% in the GHPP group, and 16.5% in the group with All Texts. Compared to the control group, the odds ratio of IWGA was 0.65 (0.48−0.89) for the group receiving All Texts, which remained statistically significant after performing the Holm-Bonferroni correction. The odds ratio of macrosomia was 0.54 (0.34−0.87) and 0.57 (0.36−0.49) for the Care Seeking message group and the All Texts group, respectively, with statistical significance. Conclusion: A package of free informational text messages, including advice for good household prenatal practices and care seeking, may prevent the inappropriate weight for gestational age through a protective effect on macrosomia. Advice to encourage care seeking in pregnancy may prevent macrosomia among neonates in rural China as well.