| Summary: | Deadwood is a biodiversity hotspot and habitat for numerous highly endangered species. <i>Buxbaumia viridis</i> has been assessed as a flagship species for deadwood-rich forests and is subject to monitoring under the Habitats Directive, yet we lack a solid understanding of the factors controlling its distribution. The study aimed to specify the climate and habitat preferences of <i>Buxbaumia viridis</i> and identify the best predictor variables. We collected presence-absence data of the species at 201 sites between 2016 and 2020. Study sites cover three biogeographic regions (Pannonian, Continental, and Alpine). They also represent a deadwood gradient ranging from managed forests to natural forest reserves and virgin forests. Our results suggest that desiccation and deadwood amount are the best predictor variables. The amount of deadwood at the colonized sites ranged from 1 m<sup>3</sup>/ha to 288 m<sup>3</sup>/ha, with a median of 70 m<sup>3</sup>/ha. The maximum desiccation, i.e., consecutive days without rain and at least 20 °C was 9.6 days at colonized sites. The results of logistic regression models suggest that desiccation limits <i>Buxbaumia viridis</i> occurrence on deadwood in the drier continental parts of eastern Austria. Derived details on climate and habitat requirements of <i>Buxbaumia viridis</i> can specify management and conservation. They clearly show how strongly the species is dependent on climate, which can counteract deadwood measures.
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