Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits

Cottonseed is one of the important by-products of the cotton crop. Researchers claim that cottonseed with less than 0.45% of gossypol is quite good for human consumption and animal feeding because it is a rich source of protein, edible oil, and energy. Total and free gossypols are the influencing pa...

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Main Authors: Varsha Satankar, Mohan Singh, Vellaichamy Mageshwaran, Durwesh Jhodkar, Sushil Changan, Manoj Kumar, Mohamed Mekhemar
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-04-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/9/3901
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spelling doaj-8392d4bd30d340a9a5cc20fc8c2c47402021-04-26T23:00:43ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-04-01113901390110.3390/app11093901Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional BenefitsVarsha Satankar0Mohan Singh1Vellaichamy Mageshwaran2Durwesh Jhodkar3Sushil Changan4Manoj Kumar5Mohamed Mekhemar6College of Agricultural Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur 482004, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaCollege of Agricultural Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur 482004, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Mau 275101, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, GH Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur 440016, Maharashtra, IndiaDivision of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, IndiaChemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, IndiaClinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, GermanyCottonseed is one of the important by-products of the cotton crop. Researchers claim that cottonseed with less than 0.45% of gossypol is quite good for human consumption and animal feeding because it is a rich source of protein, edible oil, and energy. Total and free gossypols are the influencing parameters that reduce the edible nature of the cottonseed. In the present work, multiple quadratic regression models have been prepared to predict the reduction in the free and total gossypol percent. This response surface method (RSM)-based approach was applied to investigate the combined effect between input parameters such as acetone level, time of extraction, liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), and the number of extraction cycles, whereas output responses are free and total gossypol reduction percentage. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been performed to determine the highly significant parameter. The optimum combination of input parameters was determined using the RSM-based desirability approach, and confirmatory experiments were performed to validate the combination. Results revealed that the number of extraction cycles and liquid-to-solid ratio significantly affects the reduction of free and total gossypol levels. The values of r-square were found above 0.9, which indicates that the developed models are suitable and reliable for predicting free and total gossypol reduction percentage.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/9/3901cottonseedgossypoloptimizationresponse surface methodologytoxicity
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Varsha Satankar
Mohan Singh
Vellaichamy Mageshwaran
Durwesh Jhodkar
Sushil Changan
Manoj Kumar
Mohamed Mekhemar
spellingShingle Varsha Satankar
Mohan Singh
Vellaichamy Mageshwaran
Durwesh Jhodkar
Sushil Changan
Manoj Kumar
Mohamed Mekhemar
Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits
Applied Sciences
cottonseed
gossypol
optimization
response surface methodology
toxicity
author_facet Varsha Satankar
Mohan Singh
Vellaichamy Mageshwaran
Durwesh Jhodkar
Sushil Changan
Manoj Kumar
Mohamed Mekhemar
author_sort Varsha Satankar
title Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits
title_short Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits
title_full Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits
title_fullStr Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits
title_full_unstemmed Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits
title_sort cottonseed kernel powder as a natural health supplement: an approach to reduce the gossypol content and maximize the nutritional benefits
publisher MDPI AG
series Applied Sciences
issn 2076-3417
publishDate 2021-04-01
description Cottonseed is one of the important by-products of the cotton crop. Researchers claim that cottonseed with less than 0.45% of gossypol is quite good for human consumption and animal feeding because it is a rich source of protein, edible oil, and energy. Total and free gossypols are the influencing parameters that reduce the edible nature of the cottonseed. In the present work, multiple quadratic regression models have been prepared to predict the reduction in the free and total gossypol percent. This response surface method (RSM)-based approach was applied to investigate the combined effect between input parameters such as acetone level, time of extraction, liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), and the number of extraction cycles, whereas output responses are free and total gossypol reduction percentage. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been performed to determine the highly significant parameter. The optimum combination of input parameters was determined using the RSM-based desirability approach, and confirmatory experiments were performed to validate the combination. Results revealed that the number of extraction cycles and liquid-to-solid ratio significantly affects the reduction of free and total gossypol levels. The values of r-square were found above 0.9, which indicates that the developed models are suitable and reliable for predicting free and total gossypol reduction percentage.
topic cottonseed
gossypol
optimization
response surface methodology
toxicity
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/9/3901
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