| Summary: | Lithium-ion battery State of Charge (SoC) estimation for Electric Vehicle (EV) applications must be robust and as accurate as possible to maximize battery utilization and ensure safe operation over a wide range of operating conditions. SoC estimation commonly utilizes filters such as the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) which rely on battery models, usually in the form of Equivalent Circuit Models (ECM). At low temperatures the battery response to current draw becomes increasingly non-linear, resulting in amplified SoC estimation errors. In this study, current dependent SoC estimation at low temperature is proposed using an Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) filter with three ECMs covering a range of C-rates. The IMM is combined with the Smooth Variable Structure Filter (SVSF) to obtain robust SoC estimates within a SoC estimation error of 2%.
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