Immunological Dysfunction in Tourette Syndrome and Related Disorders

• Main Authors: Chia-Jui Hsu, Lee-Chin Wong, Wang-Tso Lee
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-01-01
• Series: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
• Subjects: Tourette syndrome; PANDAS; immunological dysfunction; basal ganglia; neuroinflammation
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/853

Chronic tic disorder and Tourette syndrome are common childhood-onset neurological diseases. However, the pathophysiology underlying these disorders is unclear, and most studies have focused on the disinhibition of the corticostriatal–thalamocortical circuit. An autoimmune dysfunction has been proposed in the pathogenetic mechanism of Tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders such as obsessive–compulsive disorder, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is based on evidence from animal model studies and clinical findings. Herein, we review and give an update on the clinical characteristics, clinical evidence, and genetic studies in vitro as well as animal studies regarding immune dysfunction in Tourette syndrome.