| Summary: | <i>Camellia japonica</i> is a plant species with great ornamental and gardening values. A novel hybrid cultivar Chunjiang Hongxia (<i>Camellia japonica</i> cv. Chunjiang Hongxia, CH) possesses vivid red leaves from an early growth stage to a prolonged period and is, therefore, commercially valuable. The molecular mechanism underlying this red-leaf phenotype in <i>C. japonica</i> cv. CH is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the leaf coloration process, photosynthetic pigments contents, and different types of anthocyanin compounds in three growth stages of the hybrid cultivar CH and its parental cultivars. The gene co-expression network and differential expression analysis from the transcriptome data indicated that the changes of leaf color were strongly correlated to the anthocyanin metabolic processes in different leaf growth stages. Genes with expression patterns associated with leaf color changes were also discussed. Together, physiological and transcriptomic analyses uncovered the regulatory network of metabolism processes involved in the modulation of the ornamentally valuable red-leaf phenotype and provided the potential candidate genes for future molecular breeding of ornamental plants such as <i>Camellia japonica</i>.
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