| Summary: | Despite advances in diagnostics and therapeutics, the prognosis of pancreatic cancer remains dismal. Because of a lack of early diagnostic methods, aggressive local progression, and high incidence of distant metastasis, most pancreatic cancers are inoperable; therefore, the characteristics of early pancreatic cancer have not been well understood. Autopsy studies revealed the characteristics of prediagnostic pancreatic malignancies, including precancerous lesions, early stage pancreatic cancer, and pancreatic cancer without clinical symptoms (occult cancers). Animal models using hamsters and genetically engineered mice have focused on mechanisms of carcinogenesis, thereby providing insights into risk factors and prevention and serving as a preclinical test for the development of novel diagnostic and treatment modalities. In this review, we have summarized pathological changes in the pancreas of humans and experimental animals during carcinogenesis.
|
|---|
