Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings
In the European Union’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the energy efficiency goal for buildings is set in terms of primary energy use. In the proposal from the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning, for nearly zero energy buildings in Sweden, the use of primary energy is expr...
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MDPI AG
2017-07-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/7/978 |
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doaj-737e6ede0d23458b9b925fea6fab3deb2020-11-24T22:50:04ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732017-07-0110797810.3390/en10070978en10070978Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy BuildingsMattias Gustafsson0Richard Thygesen1Björn Karlsson2Louise Ödlund3Division of Building, Energy and Environment Technology, Department of Technology and Environment, University of Gävle, Gävle 802 67, SwedenDivision of Building, Energy and Environment Technology, Department of Technology and Environment, University of Gävle, Gävle 802 67, SwedenDivision of Building, Energy and Environment Technology, Department of Technology and Environment, University of Gävle, Gävle 802 67, SwedenDivision of Energy Systems, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, SwedenIn the European Union’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the energy efficiency goal for buildings is set in terms of primary energy use. In the proposal from the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning, for nearly zero energy buildings in Sweden, the use of primary energy is expressed as a primary energy number calculated with given primary energy factors. In this article, a multi-dwelling building is simulated and the difference in the primary energy number is investigated when the building uses heat from district heating systems or from heat pumps, alone or combined with solar thermal or solar photovoltaic systems. It is also investigated how the global CO2 emissions are influenced by the different energy system combinations and with different fuels used. It is concluded that the calculated primary energy number is lower for heat pump systems, but the global CO2 emissions are lowest when district heating uses mostly biofuels and is combined with solar PV systems. The difference is up to 140 tonnes/year. If the aim with the Swedish building code is to decrease the global CO2 emissions then the ratio between the primary energy factors for electricity and heat should be larger than three and considerably higher than today.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/7/978energy performance of buildingsdistrict heatingheat pumpdecentralized energy generation systemsprimary energyprimary energy factors |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
English |
| format |
Article |
| sources |
DOAJ |
| author |
Mattias Gustafsson Richard Thygesen Björn Karlsson Louise Ödlund |
| spellingShingle |
Mattias Gustafsson Richard Thygesen Björn Karlsson Louise Ödlund Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Energies energy performance of buildings district heating heat pump decentralized energy generation systems primary energy primary energy factors |
| author_facet |
Mattias Gustafsson Richard Thygesen Björn Karlsson Louise Ödlund |
| author_sort |
Mattias Gustafsson |
| title |
Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings |
| title_short |
Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings |
| title_full |
Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings |
| title_fullStr |
Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings |
| title_sort |
rev-changes in primary energy use and co2 emissions—an impact assessment for a building with focus on the swedish proposal for nearly zero energy buildings |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| series |
Energies |
| issn |
1996-1073 |
| publishDate |
2017-07-01 |
| description |
In the European Union’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the energy efficiency goal for buildings is set in terms of primary energy use. In the proposal from the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning, for nearly zero energy buildings in Sweden, the use of primary energy is expressed as a primary energy number calculated with given primary energy factors. In this article, a multi-dwelling building is simulated and the difference in the primary energy number is investigated when the building uses heat from district heating systems or from heat pumps, alone or combined with solar thermal or solar photovoltaic systems. It is also investigated how the global CO2 emissions are influenced by the different energy system combinations and with different fuels used. It is concluded that the calculated primary energy number is lower for heat pump systems, but the global CO2 emissions are lowest when district heating uses mostly biofuels and is combined with solar PV systems. The difference is up to 140 tonnes/year. If the aim with the Swedish building code is to decrease the global CO2 emissions then the ratio between the primary energy factors for electricity and heat should be larger than three and considerably higher than today. |
| topic |
energy performance of buildings district heating heat pump decentralized energy generation systems primary energy primary energy factors |
| url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/7/978 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT mattiasgustafsson revchangesinprimaryenergyuseandco2emissionsanimpactassessmentforabuildingwithfocusontheswedishproposalfornearlyzeroenergybuildings AT richardthygesen revchangesinprimaryenergyuseandco2emissionsanimpactassessmentforabuildingwithfocusontheswedishproposalfornearlyzeroenergybuildings AT bjornkarlsson revchangesinprimaryenergyuseandco2emissionsanimpactassessmentforabuildingwithfocusontheswedishproposalfornearlyzeroenergybuildings AT louiseodlund revchangesinprimaryenergyuseandco2emissionsanimpactassessmentforabuildingwithfocusontheswedishproposalfornearlyzeroenergybuildings |
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