The effect of chitosan gel concentration on neutrophyl and macrophage in gingival ulcer of Sprague Dawley rat

• Main Authors: Tasya Adistya, Fajar Kumalasari, Anne Handrini Dewi, Mayu Winnie Rachmawati
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Universitas Airlangga 2013-09-01
• Series: Dental Journal: Majalah Kedokteran Gigi
• Subjects: Chitosan gel; wound healing; gingival ulcer; neutrophyl; macrophage; Gel kitosan; penyembuan luka; ulkus gingiva; neutrofil; makrofag
• Online Access: http://e-journal.unair.ac.id/index.php/MKG/article/view/776

<p><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><strong>Bacground: </strong><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Chitosan is polysacharide that extracted from crustaceae, widely used as a wound healing agent. It accelerates the </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>polimorphonuclear cells infitration and increase the macrophage migration. </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><strong>Purpose: </strong><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The aims of this study was to determine the </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>effect of chitosan gel concentration on neutrophyl and macrophage in gingival ulcer healing process of Sprague Dawley rats. </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><strong>Methods: </strong><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Twenty subjects were divided into treatment groups, A, B and C which was given 1%, 2% and 3% chitosan gel respectively and group </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>D as control group. The ulcer was made by applicating the 2 x 2 mm</em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 7pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2 </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Whatmann number 1 filter paper which had been soaked into </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>the 98% acetic acid for 5 minutes on the gingival surface below the interdental of the lower incisivus of the rats for 40 seconds. One </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>drop chitosan gel was applicated on the ulcer, twice a day for three days. The subjects were sacrificed and its gingival tissue was taken </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>for histologically processed and stained with hematoxylin eosin. </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><strong>Results: </strong><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The one way ANOVA test showed that significant difference </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>neutrophyl and macrophage among all of group (p&lt;0.05). The Pearson correlation showed that there was a strong correlation (0,979) </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>between chitosan concentration and macrophage density. Chitosan gel with 1%, 2%, and 3% concentration influenced significantly </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>to neutrophyl and macrophage density. The higher concentration of chitosan gel the power of neutrophyl number and the higher of </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>macrophage number. </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><strong>Conclusion: </strong><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>These result indicated that the chitosan gel influence both of neutrofil and macrophage in gingival </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>ulcer healing process and chitosan gel 3% has a better effect than 1% and 2% concentration.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 7pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><strong>Latar belakang: </strong><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Kitosan, polisakarida hasil ekstraksi dari golongan krustasea, dikenal sebagai agen pemacu penyembuhan luka. </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Kitosan dapat memacu infiltrasi sel-sel polimorfonuklear dan mempercepat migrasi sel makrofag. </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><strong>Tujuan: </strong><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>untuk meneliti efek gel kitosan dalam meningkatkan jumlah neutrofil dan makrofag selama proses penyembuhan luka buatan pada </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>gingiva mulut tikus Sprague Dawley. </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><strong>Metode: </strong><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Duapuluh subyek dibagi atas 4 grup. Grup A dioles dengan 1% gel kitosan, grup B 2% </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>dan grup C 3%, sedangkan grup D sebagai kontrol tidak mendapatkan perlakuan apapun. Ulkus dibuat dengan cara mengaplikasikan </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>kertas saring Whatmann nomer 1 ukuran 2 x 2 mm</em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 7pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2 </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>yang telah dibasahi dengan 98% asam asetat selama 5 menit dan diletakkan pada </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>gingiva di bawah interdental gigi anterior mandibula selama 40 detik. Satu tetes gel kitosan diaplikasikan 2 kali sehari selama 3 hari. </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Tikus dikorbankan pada hari ketiga dan jaringan gingivanya diambil untuk dibuat preparat histologi dengan pewarnaan HE. Jumlah </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>neutrofil dan makrofag dianalisa dengan ANOVA satu jalur. </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><strong>Hasil: </strong><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>ANOVA satu jalur menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna pada </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>neutrofil maupun makrofag antar grup (p&lt;0,05). Korelasi Pearson menunjukkan ada hubungan positif antara konsentrasi gel kitosan </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>dengan jumlah makrofag. Gel kitosan dengan konsentrasi 1, 2 dan 3% secara bermakna mampu menurunkan jumlah neutrofil dan </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>meningkatkan jumlah makrofag pada hari ke 3 dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi gel kitosan maka jumlah </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>neutrofil semakin menurun sedangkan jumlah makrofag semakin meningkat. Hal ini membuktikan adanya sifat antimikrobial dari gel</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>kitosan. </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Bold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><strong>Simpulan: </strong><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Gel kitosan terbukti mampu menurunkan neutrofil dan meningkatkan makrofag pada proses penyembuhan ulkus </em><span style="font-family: Tribune-Italic; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>mulut. Konsentrasi gel kitosan 3% mempunyai efek lebih baik dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi 1% dan 2%.</em></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>