Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Calcification: Potential Targets and Challenges

Previously considered a degenerative process, cardiovascular calcification is now established as an active process that is regulated in several ways by lipids, phospholipids, and lipoproteins. These compounds serve many of the same functions in vascular and valvular calcification as they do in skele...

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Main Authors: Yin Tintut, Jeffrey J. Hsu, Linda L. Demer
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-11-01
Series:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00172/full
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spelling doaj-6b7fd763703f4e0794d9654e5cc2fad72020-11-24T22:52:09ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine2297-055X2018-11-01510.3389/fcvm.2018.00172420761Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Calcification: Potential Targets and ChallengesYin Tintut0Yin Tintut1Yin Tintut2Jeffrey J. Hsu3Linda L. Demer4Linda L. Demer5Linda L. Demer6Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesDepartment of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesDepartment of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesDepartment of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesDepartment of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesDepartment of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesPreviously considered a degenerative process, cardiovascular calcification is now established as an active process that is regulated in several ways by lipids, phospholipids, and lipoproteins. These compounds serve many of the same functions in vascular and valvular calcification as they do in skeletal bone calcification. Hyperlipidemia leads to accumulation of lipoproteins in the subendothelial space of cardiovascular tissues, which leads to formation of mildly oxidized phospholipids, which are known bioactive factors in vascular cell calcification. One lipoprotein of particular interest is Lp(a), which showed genome-wide significance for the presence of aortic valve calcification and stenosis. It carries an important enzyme, autotaxin, which produces lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and thus has a key role in inflammation among other functions. Matrix vesicles, extruded from the plasma membrane of cells, are the sites of initiation of mineral formation. Phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid in the membranes of matrix vesicles, is believed to complex with calcium and phosphate ions, creating a nidus for hydroxyapatite crystal formation in cardiovascular as well as in skeletal bone mineralization. This review focuses on the contributions of lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and autotaxin in cardiovascular calcification, and discusses possible therapeutic targets.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00172/fulllipoproteinscalcificationLp(a)autotaxinosteogenesis
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Yin Tintut
Yin Tintut
Yin Tintut
Jeffrey J. Hsu
Linda L. Demer
Linda L. Demer
Linda L. Demer
spellingShingle Yin Tintut
Yin Tintut
Yin Tintut
Jeffrey J. Hsu
Linda L. Demer
Linda L. Demer
Linda L. Demer
Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Calcification: Potential Targets and Challenges
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
lipoproteins
calcification
Lp(a)
autotaxin
osteogenesis
author_facet Yin Tintut
Yin Tintut
Yin Tintut
Jeffrey J. Hsu
Linda L. Demer
Linda L. Demer
Linda L. Demer
author_sort Yin Tintut
title Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Calcification: Potential Targets and Challenges
title_short Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Calcification: Potential Targets and Challenges
title_full Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Calcification: Potential Targets and Challenges
title_fullStr Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Calcification: Potential Targets and Challenges
title_full_unstemmed Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Calcification: Potential Targets and Challenges
title_sort lipoproteins in cardiovascular calcification: potential targets and challenges
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
series Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
issn 2297-055X
publishDate 2018-11-01
description Previously considered a degenerative process, cardiovascular calcification is now established as an active process that is regulated in several ways by lipids, phospholipids, and lipoproteins. These compounds serve many of the same functions in vascular and valvular calcification as they do in skeletal bone calcification. Hyperlipidemia leads to accumulation of lipoproteins in the subendothelial space of cardiovascular tissues, which leads to formation of mildly oxidized phospholipids, which are known bioactive factors in vascular cell calcification. One lipoprotein of particular interest is Lp(a), which showed genome-wide significance for the presence of aortic valve calcification and stenosis. It carries an important enzyme, autotaxin, which produces lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and thus has a key role in inflammation among other functions. Matrix vesicles, extruded from the plasma membrane of cells, are the sites of initiation of mineral formation. Phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid in the membranes of matrix vesicles, is believed to complex with calcium and phosphate ions, creating a nidus for hydroxyapatite crystal formation in cardiovascular as well as in skeletal bone mineralization. This review focuses on the contributions of lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and autotaxin in cardiovascular calcification, and discusses possible therapeutic targets.
topic lipoproteins
calcification
Lp(a)
autotaxin
osteogenesis
url https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00172/full
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