Summary: | This paper explores the characteristics of peasant indebtedness relationships in Castilian Later Middle Ages. Current historiography, based upon the so-called Commercialization and New Institutional Economics approaches, ignores the inequalities that the mercantile relationships reproduce and emphasizes the beneficial aspects of rural markets and credit. Using documents from Castilian <em>concejos</em>, specially the books of a public notary from Ávila, the paper analyzes rural loans and its relations with agrarian cycle and feudal extraction. After a quantitative test, we discuss in analytical and qualitative terms the specific form of pre-capitalist usurious capital
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