| Summary: | ObjectiveTumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces cell apoptosis by transducing apoptosis signals after interacting with its receptor (TRAIL-R). Although the actual biological role of TRAIL remains to be elucidated, recent accumulating evidence implies that TRAIL regulates immune responses and immune cell homeostasis via an apoptosis-independent pathway, suggesting a novel immune-regulatory role of TRAIL in autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this study is to address the immune-regulatory role and molecular mechanism of TRAIL in regulating T cell activation in autoimmune diseases.DesignTRAIL was administered to mice to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and to evaluate its impact on neuroinflammation and disease activity. The effects of TRAIL on neuroantigen [myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55]-activated T cell proliferation and cytokine production were investigated. TRAIL-treated MOG35–55-activated splenic Th17 cells were further adoptively transferred into Rag1 KO mice to induce passive EAE. Gene expression profiles of CD4+ T cells from EAE mice treated with TRAIL were analyzed by RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis.ResultsTRAIL suppressed autoimmune encephalomyelitis and inhibited T cell reactivity to neuro-antigen in murine EAE, and the effects were dependent on TRAIL-R signaling. Moreover, TRAIL directly inhibited activation of MOG35–55-activated CD4+ T cells, resulting in suppression of neuroinflammation and reduced disease activity in adoptive transfer-induced EAE. Furthermore, TRAIL-R signaling inhibited phosphorylation of proximal T cell receptor (TCR)-associated tyrosine kinases in activated CD4+ T cells. Importantly, TRAIL/TRAIL-R interaction downregulated TCR downstream signaling genes in RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis.ConclusionTRAIL/TRAIL-R interaction regulates CD4+ T cell activation in autoimmune inflammation and directly suppresses T cell activation via inhibiting TCR signaling, suggesting that TRAIL-R serves as a novel immune checkpoint in T cell responses.
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