Changes on the Surface of the SiO<sub>2</sub>/C Composite, Leading to the Formation of Conductive Carbon Structures with Complex Nature of DC Conductivity

Sol–gel layers have been the subject of many studies in recent decades. However, very little information exists about layers in which carbon structures are developed in situ. Using the spin-coating method, we obtained thin iron-doped SiO<sub>2</sub>/C composite films. The results of Rama...

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Main Authors:	Piotr Okoczuk, Marcin Łapiński, Tadeusz Miruszewski, Piotr Kupracz, Leszek Wicikowski
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2021-04-01
Series:	Materials
Subjects:	sol–gel silica/carbon composite nanographite conductive polymers DC conductivity
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/9/2158

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spelling	doaj-67c33ec399c5482ea38e083b277872e62021-04-23T23:05:32ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-04-01142158215810.3390/ma14092158Changes on the Surface of the SiO<sub>2</sub>/C Composite, Leading to the Formation of Conductive Carbon Structures with Complex Nature of DC ConductivityPiotr Okoczuk0Marcin Łapiński1Tadeusz Miruszewski2Piotr Kupracz3Leszek Wicikowski4Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, PolandFaculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, PolandFaculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, PolandInstitute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, PolandFaculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, PolandSol–gel layers have been the subject of many studies in recent decades. However, very little information exists about layers in which carbon structures are developed in situ. Using the spin-coating method, we obtained thin iron-doped SiO<sub>2</sub>/C composite films. The results of Raman spectroscopy showed that our samples consisted of graphitic forms and polymers. The latter’s contribution decreases with rising temperature. FTIR and EDS studies show changes in carbon distribution on top of the layer, depending on the sintering temperature. The samples sintered at 800 °C showed a significant increase in the contribution of carbon forms to the layer’s surface. Therefore, high conductivity can be observed in this sample. The results of XPS spectroscopy showed that the contribution of sp<sup>3</sup> hybridized carbon increases after etching. The total electrical conductivity, studied by a DC four-wire technique, increased with the temperature and showed almost linear characteristics with significant changes below 150 K. The reduced activation energy plot has a positive temperature coefficient, which is a characteristic property of the conductive polymers in a metallic regime of conductivity.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/9/2158sol–gelsilica/carbon compositenanographiteconductive polymersDC conductivity
collection	DOAJ
language	English
format	Article
sources	DOAJ
author	Piotr Okoczuk Marcin Łapiński Tadeusz Miruszewski Piotr Kupracz Leszek Wicikowski
spellingShingle	Piotr Okoczuk Marcin Łapiński Tadeusz Miruszewski Piotr Kupracz Leszek Wicikowski Changes on the Surface of the SiO<sub>2</sub>/C Composite, Leading to the Formation of Conductive Carbon Structures with Complex Nature of DC Conductivity Materials sol–gel silica/carbon composite nanographite conductive polymers DC conductivity
author_facet	Piotr Okoczuk Marcin Łapiński Tadeusz Miruszewski Piotr Kupracz Leszek Wicikowski
author_sort	Piotr Okoczuk
title	Changes on the Surface of the SiO<sub>2</sub>/C Composite, Leading to the Formation of Conductive Carbon Structures with Complex Nature of DC Conductivity
title_short	Changes on the Surface of the SiO<sub>2</sub>/C Composite, Leading to the Formation of Conductive Carbon Structures with Complex Nature of DC Conductivity
title_full	Changes on the Surface of the SiO<sub>2</sub>/C Composite, Leading to the Formation of Conductive Carbon Structures with Complex Nature of DC Conductivity
title_fullStr	Changes on the Surface of the SiO<sub>2</sub>/C Composite, Leading to the Formation of Conductive Carbon Structures with Complex Nature of DC Conductivity
title_full_unstemmed	Changes on the Surface of the SiO<sub>2</sub>/C Composite, Leading to the Formation of Conductive Carbon Structures with Complex Nature of DC Conductivity
title_sort	changes on the surface of the sio<sub>2</sub>/c composite, leading to the formation of conductive carbon structures with complex nature of dc conductivity
publisher	MDPI AG
series	Materials
issn	1996-1944
publishDate	2021-04-01
description	Sol–gel layers have been the subject of many studies in recent decades. However, very little information exists about layers in which carbon structures are developed in situ. Using the spin-coating method, we obtained thin iron-doped SiO<sub>2</sub>/C composite films. The results of Raman spectroscopy showed that our samples consisted of graphitic forms and polymers. The latter’s contribution decreases with rising temperature. FTIR and EDS studies show changes in carbon distribution on top of the layer, depending on the sintering temperature. The samples sintered at 800 °C showed a significant increase in the contribution of carbon forms to the layer’s surface. Therefore, high conductivity can be observed in this sample. The results of XPS spectroscopy showed that the contribution of sp<sup>3</sup> hybridized carbon increases after etching. The total electrical conductivity, studied by a DC four-wire technique, increased with the temperature and showed almost linear characteristics with significant changes below 150 K. The reduced activation energy plot has a positive temperature coefficient, which is a characteristic property of the conductive polymers in a metallic regime of conductivity.
topic	sol–gel silica/carbon composite nanographite conductive polymers DC conductivity
url	https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/9/2158
work_keys_str_mv	AT piotrokoczuk changesonthesurfaceofthesiosub2subccompositeleadingtotheformationofconductivecarbonstructureswithcomplexnatureofdcconductivity AT marcinłapinski changesonthesurfaceofthesiosub2subccompositeleadingtotheformationofconductivecarbonstructureswithcomplexnatureofdcconductivity AT tadeuszmiruszewski changesonthesurfaceofthesiosub2subccompositeleadingtotheformationofconductivecarbonstructureswithcomplexnatureofdcconductivity AT piotrkupracz changesonthesurfaceofthesiosub2subccompositeleadingtotheformationofconductivecarbonstructureswithcomplexnatureofdcconductivity AT leszekwicikowski changesonthesurfaceofthesiosub2subccompositeleadingtotheformationofconductivecarbonstructureswithcomplexnatureofdcconductivity
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Changes on the Surface of the SiO<sub>2</sub>/C Composite, Leading to the Formation of Conductive Carbon Structures with Complex Nature of DC Conductivity

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