| Summary: | Abstract Background Primary leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of vascular origin is a rare lesion, and patients with LMS of vascular origin have poorer prognoses than patients with LMS of other origins. The inferior vena cava is the most commonly affected vessel and accounts for 60% of all vascular cases. However, LMS originating from the ovarian vein is extremely rare, and we are only aware of 15 reported cases. Therefore, we report our experience with a case of LMS originating from the right ovarian vein and review the related literature. Case presentation A 71-year-old Japanese woman with no symptoms was admitted to our hospital because of abnormal findings in a routine abdominal ultrasonography check-up. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a well-defined, lobulated solid mass with a diameter of 5.5 cm in the right retroperitoneal space. The mass exhibited relatively low uptake during 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Based on these findings, the differential diagnosis included a retroperitoneal tumor, such as a desmoid tumor, leiomyoma, LMS, and malignant mesothelioma. Operative findings confirmed that the mass had originated from the right ovarian vessels, and en bloc excision was performed for the mass and the right ovarian vessels. The final pathological diagnosis was LMS originating from the right ovarian vein, and the surgical resection margins were free from tumor cells. After histological findings confirmed the LMS diagnosis, the patient underwent adjuvant radiation therapy and has not exhibited signs of local recurrence or metastasis in the 6 months after surgery. Conclusions We encountered a 71-year-old woman with LMS originating from her right ovarian vein. The prognosis of vascular LMS is generally poor. Therefore, careful follow-up will be required for our patient.
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