Antiviral Effects of <i>Houttuynia cordata</i> Polysaccharide Extract on Murine Norovirus-1 (MNV-1)—A Human Norovirus Surrogate

• Main Authors: Dongqing Cheng, Liang Sun, Songyan Zou, Jiang Chen, Haiyan Mao, Yanjun Zhang, Ningbo Liao, Ronghua Zhang
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2019-05-01
• Series: Molecules
• Subjects: antiviral effects; <i>Houttuynia cordata</i>; polysaccharide; water extract; ethanol extract; murine norovirus-1
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/9/1835

<i>Houttuynia cordata</i> is an herbal plant rich in polysaccharides and with several pharmacological activities. Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the most common cause of foodborne viral gastroenteritis throughout the world. In this study, <i>H. cordata</i> polysaccharide (HP), with a molecular weight of ~43 kDa, was purified from <i>H. cordata</i> water extract (HWE). The polysaccharide HP was composed predominantly of galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, and xylose in a molar ratio of 1.56:1.49:1.26:1.11. Methylation and NMR analyses revealed that HP was a pectin-like acidic polysaccharide mainly consisting of &#945;-1,4-linked Gal<i>p</i>A, &#946;-1,4-linked Gal<i>p</i>, &#946;-1,4-linked Glc<i>p</i>, and &#946;-1,4-linked Xyl<i>p</i> residues. To evaluate the antiviral activity of <i>H. cordata</i> extracts, we compared the anti-norovirus potential of HP with HWE and ethanol extract (HEE) from <i>H. cordata</i> by plaque assay (plaque forming units (PFU)/mL) for murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1), a surrogate of HuNoVs. Viruses at high (8.09 log10 PFU/mL) or low (4.38 log10 PFU/mL) counts were mixed with 100, 250, and 500 &#956;g/mL of HP, HWE or HEE and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. <i>H. cordata</i> polysaccharide (HP) was more effective than HEE in reducing MNV-1 plaque formation, but less effective than HWE. When MNV-1 was treated with 500 &#956;g/mL HP, the infectivity of MNV-1 decreased to an undetectable level. The selectivity indexes of each sample were 1.95 for HEE, 5.74 for HP, and 16.14 for HWE. The results of decimal reduction time and transmission electron microscopic revealed that HP has anti-viral effects by deforming and inflating virus particles, thereby inhibiting the penetration of viruses in target cells. These findings suggest that HP might have potential as an antiviral agent in the treatment of viral diseases.