Avian Predation in a Declining Outbreak Population of the Spruce Budworm, <em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em> (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Avian Predation in a Declining Outbreak Population of the Spruce Budworm, <em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em> (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The impact of avian predation on a declining population of the spruce budworm, <i>Choristoneura fumifereana</i> (Clem.), was measured using single-tree exclosure cages in a mature stand of balsam fir, <i>Abies balsamea</i> (L.), and white spruce, <i>Picea glauca</i&g...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Jacques Régnière, Lisa Venier, Dan Welsh
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-08-01
Series:Insects
Subjects:
spruce budworm
predation
birds
warblers
exclosure cages
foraging
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/8/720

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