Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

São Paulo in Brazil has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often experiences high air pollution levels due to emissions of particulate pollutants from local sources and long-range transport of air masses impacted by biomass burning. In order to evaluate the so...

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Main Authors: G. M. Pereira, K. Teinilä, D. Custódio, A. Gomes Santos, H. Xian, R. Hillamo, C. A. Alves, J. Bittencourt de Andrade, G. Olímpio da Rocha, P. Kumar, R. Balasubramanian, M. D. F. Andrade, P. de Castro Vasconcellos
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Copernicus Publications 2017-10-01
Series:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Online Access:https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/11943/2017/acp-17-11943-2017.pdf
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author G. M. Pereira
G. M. Pereira
K. Teinilä
D. Custódio
D. Custódio
A. Gomes Santos
A. Gomes Santos
A. Gomes Santos
H. Xian
R. Hillamo
C. A. Alves
J. Bittencourt de Andrade
J. Bittencourt de Andrade
J. Bittencourt de Andrade
G. Olímpio da Rocha
G. Olímpio da Rocha
G. Olímpio da Rocha
P. Kumar
P. Kumar
R. Balasubramanian
M. D. F. Andrade
P. de Castro Vasconcellos
P. de Castro Vasconcellos
spellingShingle G. M. Pereira
G. M. Pereira
K. Teinilä
D. Custódio
D. Custódio
A. Gomes Santos
A. Gomes Santos
A. Gomes Santos
H. Xian
R. Hillamo
C. A. Alves
J. Bittencourt de Andrade
J. Bittencourt de Andrade
J. Bittencourt de Andrade
G. Olímpio da Rocha
G. Olímpio da Rocha
G. Olímpio da Rocha
P. Kumar
P. Kumar
R. Balasubramanian
M. D. F. Andrade
P. de Castro Vasconcellos
P. de Castro Vasconcellos
Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
author_facet G. M. Pereira
G. M. Pereira
K. Teinilä
D. Custódio
D. Custódio
A. Gomes Santos
A. Gomes Santos
A. Gomes Santos
H. Xian
R. Hillamo
C. A. Alves
J. Bittencourt de Andrade
J. Bittencourt de Andrade
J. Bittencourt de Andrade
G. Olímpio da Rocha
G. Olímpio da Rocha
G. Olímpio da Rocha
P. Kumar
P. Kumar
R. Balasubramanian
M. D. F. Andrade
P. de Castro Vasconcellos
P. de Castro Vasconcellos
author_sort G. M. Pereira
title Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment
title_short Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment
title_full Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment
title_fullStr Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment
title_full_unstemmed Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment
title_sort particulate pollutants in the brazilian city of são paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment
publisher Copernicus Publications
series Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
issn 1680-7316
1680-7324
publishDate 2017-10-01
description São Paulo in Brazil has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often experiences high air pollution levels due to emissions of particulate pollutants from local sources and long-range transport of air masses impacted by biomass burning. In order to evaluate the sources of particulate air pollution and related health risks, a year-round sampling was done at the University of São Paulo campus (20 m a.g.l.), a green area near an important expressway. The sampling was performed for PM<sub>2. 5</sub> ( ≤ 2. 5 µm) and PM<sub>10</sub> ( ≤  10 µm) in 2014 through intensive (everyday sampling in wintertime) and extensive campaigns (once a week for the whole year) with 24 h of sampling. This year was characterized by having lower average precipitation compared to meteorological data, and high-pollution episodes were observed all year round, with a significant increase in pollution level in the intensive campaign, which was performed during wintertime. Different chemical constituents, such as carbonaceous species, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and derivatives, water-soluble ions, and biomass burning tracers were identified in order to evaluate health risks and to apportion sources. The species such as PAHs, inorganic and organic ions, and monosaccharides were determined using chromatographic techniques and carbonaceous species using thermal-optical analysis. Trace elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The risks associated with particulate matter exposure based on PAH concentrations were also assessed, along with indexes such as the benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene equivalent (BaPE) and lung cancer risk (LCR). High BaPE and LCR were observed in most of the samples, rising to critical values in the wintertime. Also, biomass burning tracers and PAHs were higher in this season, while secondarily formed ions presented low variation throughout the year. Meanwhile, vehicular tracer species were also higher in the intensive campaign, suggesting the influence of lower dispersion conditions in that period. Source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which indicated five different factors: road dust, industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, biomass burning and secondary processes. The results highlighted the contribution of vehicular emissions and the significant input from biomass combustion in wintertime, suggesting that most of the particulate matter is due to local sources, in addition to the influence of pre-harvest sugarcane burning.
url https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/11943/2017/acp-17-11943-2017.pdf
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spelling doaj-5bc74fb29a8644e095b3df9aec3bc58d2020-11-25T00:47:10ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242017-10-0117119431196910.5194/acp-17-11943-2017Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionmentG. M. Pereira0G. M. Pereira1K. Teinilä2D. Custódio3D. Custódio4A. Gomes Santos5A. Gomes Santos6A. Gomes Santos7H. Xian8R. Hillamo9C. A. Alves10J. Bittencourt de Andrade11J. Bittencourt de Andrade12J. Bittencourt de Andrade13G. Olímpio da Rocha14G. Olímpio da Rocha15G. Olímpio da Rocha16P. Kumar17P. Kumar18R. Balasubramanian19M. D. F. Andrade20P. de Castro Vasconcellos21P. de Castro Vasconcellos22Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-000, BrazilINCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilFinnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, FinlandInstitute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-000, BrazilCESAM & Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, PortugalINCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilCIEnAm, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilInstitute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, E1A 07-03, 117576, SingaporeFinnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, FinlandCESAM & Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, PortugalINCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilCIEnAm, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilInstitute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilINCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilCIEnAm, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilInstitute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilGlobal Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UKEnvironmental Flow Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UKDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, E1A 07-03, 117576, SingaporeInstitute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-090, BrazilInstitute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-000, BrazilINCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, BrazilSão Paulo in Brazil has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often experiences high air pollution levels due to emissions of particulate pollutants from local sources and long-range transport of air masses impacted by biomass burning. In order to evaluate the sources of particulate air pollution and related health risks, a year-round sampling was done at the University of São Paulo campus (20 m a.g.l.), a green area near an important expressway. The sampling was performed for PM<sub>2. 5</sub> ( ≤ 2. 5 µm) and PM<sub>10</sub> ( ≤  10 µm) in 2014 through intensive (everyday sampling in wintertime) and extensive campaigns (once a week for the whole year) with 24 h of sampling. This year was characterized by having lower average precipitation compared to meteorological data, and high-pollution episodes were observed all year round, with a significant increase in pollution level in the intensive campaign, which was performed during wintertime. Different chemical constituents, such as carbonaceous species, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and derivatives, water-soluble ions, and biomass burning tracers were identified in order to evaluate health risks and to apportion sources. The species such as PAHs, inorganic and organic ions, and monosaccharides were determined using chromatographic techniques and carbonaceous species using thermal-optical analysis. Trace elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The risks associated with particulate matter exposure based on PAH concentrations were also assessed, along with indexes such as the benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene equivalent (BaPE) and lung cancer risk (LCR). High BaPE and LCR were observed in most of the samples, rising to critical values in the wintertime. Also, biomass burning tracers and PAHs were higher in this season, while secondarily formed ions presented low variation throughout the year. Meanwhile, vehicular tracer species were also higher in the intensive campaign, suggesting the influence of lower dispersion conditions in that period. Source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which indicated five different factors: road dust, industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, biomass burning and secondary processes. The results highlighted the contribution of vehicular emissions and the significant input from biomass combustion in wintertime, suggesting that most of the particulate matter is due to local sources, in addition to the influence of pre-harvest sugarcane burning.https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/11943/2017/acp-17-11943-2017.pdf