Carcinogenic Potency of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Fraction Size

• Main Authors: Gordana Pehnec, Ivana Jakovljević
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2018-11-01
• Series: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
• Subjects: BaP toxic equivalency factors; particle fractions PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁; seasonal variations; urban location; public health
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/11/2485
• ISSN: 1660-4601

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are bound to particulate matter can have adverse effects on human health. Particle size plays an important role in assessing health risks. The aim of this study was to compare concentrations of PAHs bound to particle fractions PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁, as well as to estimate their carcinogenic potency and relative contributions of the individual PAHs to the carcinogenic potency in relation to the size of the particle. Measurements of ten PAHs were carried out in 2014 at an urban location in the northern part of Zagreb, Croatia. 24-h samples of the PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ particle fraction were collected over forty days per season. Carcinogenic potency of PAHs was estimated by calculating benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations while using three different toxic equivalence factor (TEF) schemes. The total carcinogenic potency (TCP) and percentage contributions differed significantly depending on the TEF scheme used. The lowest PAH mass concentrations and TCPs were in summer and the highest in winter. The contributions of individual PAHs to the sum of PAH mass concentrations remained similar in all fractions and seasons, while in fractions PM_10⁻2.5 and PM_2.5⁻1 they varied significantly. Road traffic represented the important source of PAHs in all fractions and throughout all seasons. Other sources (wood and biomass burning, petroleum combustion) were also present, especially during winter as a consequence of household heating. The highest contribution to the TCP came from benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)antrachene, indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene (together between 87% and 96%) in all fractions and seasons. In all cases, BaP showed the highest contribution to the TCP regardless relatively low contributions to the mass of total PAHs and it can be considered as a good representative for assessing the carcinogenicity of the PAH mixture. When comparing the TCP of PAHs in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 fractions, it was found that about 21⁻26% of carcinogenic potency of the PAH mixture belonged to the PM_2.5 fraction. Comparison of TCP in PM_2.5 and PM₁ showed that about 86% of carcinogenic potency belonged to the PM₁ fraction, regardless of the TEF scheme used.