| Summary: | <i>Croton ferrugineus</i> Kunth is an endemic species of Ecuador used in traditional medicine both for wound healing and as an antiseptic. In this study, fresh <i>Croton ferrugineus</i> leaves were collected and subjected to hydrodistillation for extraction of the essential oil. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer using a non-polar and a polar chromatographic column. The antibacterial activity was assayed against three Gram-positive bacteria, one Gram-negative bacterium and one dermatophyte fungus. The radical scavenging properties of the essential oil was evaluated by means of DPPH and ABTS assays. The chemical analysis allowed us to identify thirty-five compounds representing more than 99.95% of the total composition. Aliphatic sesquiterpene hydrocarbon trans-caryophyllene was the main constituent with 20.47 ± 1.25%. Other main compounds were myrcene (11.47 ± 1.56%), β-phellandrene (10.55 ± 0.02%), germacrene D (7.60 ± 0.60%), and α-humulene (5.49 ± 0.38%). The essential oil from <i>Croton ferrugineus</i> presented moderate activity against <i>Candida albicans</i> (ATCC 10231) with an MIC of 1000 μg/mL, a scavenging capacity SC<sub>50</sub> of 901 ± 20 µg/mL with the ABTS method, and very strong antiglucosidase activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 146 ± 20 µg/mL.
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