Clinical characteristics of adult tetanus in a Taiwan medical center

• Main Authors: Wei-Chieh Weng, Wen-Yi Huang, Tsung-I. Peng, Yu-Yi Chien, Kuo-Hsuan Chang, Long-Sun Ro, Rong-Kuo Lyu, Chia-Lun Wu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2011-11-01
• Series: Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
• Subjects: immunization; respiratory failure; tetanus
• Online Access: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664611000714

Despite effective vaccine programs, tetanus is occasionally observed in adults. We reviewed clinical presentation data for adult patients with tetanus in the post-vaccine era in Taiwan. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all adult patients (age >18 years) discharged from Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Ko (CGMHLK) after treatment for tetanus between January 1996 and July 2005. Data regarding demographic characteristics, clinical manifestation, treatment, and outcome were collected. To assess the features for different age groups, patients were divided into those aged ≥65 years and those aged <65 years. To identify risk factors for respiratory failure, the patients were classified as those with and without respiratory failure. Results: Twenty-three patients with tetanus, 11 (48%) women and 12 (52%) men, were included in the study. The average age was 57 ± 18 years (range 18–84 years). Eighteen (78%) patients had a history of acute injury. The average incubation period was 8 ± 5 days. The most common clinical presentation at onset was trismus (78%). Thirteen (57%) patients developed respiratory failure and underwent endotracheal intubation. The most common complication was pneumonia (30%). All the patients survived and recovered. Age ≥65 years was significantly associated with trismus, dysphagia, dysarthria, and pneumonia. Generalized tetanus subtype and pneumonia were significant risk factors for respiratory failure. Conclusion: This study revealed several characteristics of adult tetanus cases in the post-vaccine era in Taiwan. Further serological studies and improved tetanus vaccinations may be needed to ensure better protection, especially for high-risk populations. The exceptionally good prognosis for our patients confirms that appropriate treatment, including wound care, early diagnosis, proper medication, and prevention of complications, is essential in managing this traditional curable disease.