Post-bubble close-off fractionation of gases in polar firn and ice cores: effects of accumulation rate on permeation through overloading pressure
Gases in ice cores are invaluable archives of past environmental changes (e.g., the past atmosphere). However, gas fractionation processes after bubble closure in the firn are poorly understood, although increasing evidence indicates preferential leakages of smaller molecules (e.g., neon, oxygen, an...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2015-12-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/13895/2015/acp-15-13895-2015.pdf |
| Summary: | Gases in ice cores are invaluable archives of past environmental changes
(e.g., the past atmosphere). However, gas fractionation processes after
bubble closure in the firn are poorly understood, although increasing
evidence indicates preferential leakages of smaller molecules (e.g., neon,
oxygen, and argon) from the closed bubbles through the ice matrix. These
fractionation processes are believed to be responsible for the observed
millennial δO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> variations in ice cores, linking ice
core chronologies with orbital parameters. In this study, we investigated
high-resolution δAr/N<sub>2</sub> of the GISP2 (Greenland Ice Sheet
Project 2), NGRIP (North Greenland Ice Core Project), and Dome Fuji ice cores
for the past few thousand years. We find that δAr/N<sub>2</sub> at
multidecadal resolution on the "gas-age scale" in the GISP2 ice core has a
significant negative correlation with accumulation rate and a positive
correlation with air contents over the past 6000 years, indicating that
changes in overloading pressure induced δAr/N<sub>2</sub> fractionation
in the firn. Furthermore, the GISP2 temperature and accumulation rate for the
last 4000 years have nearly equal effects on δAr/N<sub>2</sub> with
sensitivities of 0.72 ± 0.1 ‰ °C<sup>−1</sup> and
−0.58 ± 0.09 ‰ (0.01 m ice year<sup>−1</sup>)<sup>−1</sup>,
respectively. To understand the fractionation processes, we applied a
permeation model for two different processes of bubble pressure build-up in
the firn, "pressure sensitive process" (e.g., microbubbles: 0.3–3 % of
air contents) with a greater sensitivity to overloading pressures and
"normal bubble process". The model indicates that δAr/N<sub>2</sub> in
the bubbles under the pressure sensitive process are negatively correlated
with the accumulation rate due to changes in overloading pressure. On the
other hand, the normal bubbles experience only limited depletion
(< 0.5 ‰) in the firn. Colder temperatures in the firn induce
more depletion in δAr/N<sub>2</sub> through thicker firn. The pressure
sensitive bubbles are so depleted in δAr/N<sub>2</sub> at the bubble
close-off depth that they dominate the total δAr/N<sub>2</sub> changes in
spite of their smaller air contents. The model also indicates that δAr/N<sub>2</sub> of ice cores should have experienced several per mil of
depletion during the storage 14–18 years after coring. Further understanding
of the δAr/N<sub>2</sub> fractionation processes in the firn, combined
with nitrogen and argon isotope data, may lead to a new proxy for the past
temperature and accumulation rate. |
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| ISSN: | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |