| Summary: | ased on the sources of Kyiv, Volhynia and Podolia gubernias, the author analyses actual ways of practicing freedoms of elections, public gatherings and press at the beginning of 1906, before the convocation of First State Duma of Russian Empire. Main question is how different ethnic and social groups used new tools of political modernization. While in Kyiv city and Kyiv gubernia cells of Progressive and Conservative blocks had strong impact on the electoral practices, the main actors of social processes in Volhynia and Podolia gubernias were representatives of traditional social groups, i.e. clergy, burghers, peasants. Scandals regarding isolation of peasant voters in Zhytomyr and Kamianets indicate exacerbating of ethic and social conflict in the process of implementing modern forms of political representation.
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