| Summary: | Distribution networks are inherently radial and passive owing to the ease of operation and unidirectional power flow. Proper installation of Distributed Generators, on the one hand, makes the utility network active and mitigates certain power quality issues e.g., voltage dips, frequency deviations, losses, etc., but on the other hand, it disturbs the optimal coordination among existing protection devices e.g., over-current relays. In order to maintain the desired selectivity level, such that the primary and backup relays are synchronized against different contingencies, it necessitates design of intelligent and promising protection schemes to distinguish between the upstream and downstream power flows. This research proposes exploiting phase angle jump, an overlooked voltage sag parameter, to add directional element to digital over-current relays with inverse time characteristics. The decision on the direction of current is made on the basis of polarity of phase angle jump together with the impedance angle of the system. The proposed scheme at first is evaluated on a test system in a simulated environment under symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults and, secondly, as a proof of the concept, it is verified in real-time on a laboratory setup using a Power Hardware-in-loop (PHIL) system. Moreover, a comparative analysis is made with other state-of-the-art techniques to evaluate the performance and robustness of the proposed approach.
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