| Summary: | <i>Lupinus</i><i> </i><i>mutabilis</i> is an important source of protein in different Andean countries, and its use in diets, particularly those of less wealthy individuals, has been observed for thousands of years. There is an increasing demand for protein crops suitable for Europe and this species is a potential candidate. Assessment of <i>Lupinus</i><i> </i><i>mutabilis</i> genetic material in European conditions started more than 40 years ago, with the characterization of a vast number of accessions from the Andean region. In this review, abiotic and biotic constraints to <i>L. </i><i>mutabilis</i> cultivation in European soil and climatic conditions are discussed, and cultivation management practices are suggested. The beneficial interaction of <i>L. </i><i>mutabilis</i> with <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> strains in the soil and various pollinator species is also discussed, and the effect of abiotic stresses on these interactions is highlighted. Prospects of alternative uses of <i>L. </i><i>mutabilis</i> biomass in Northern Europe and opportunities for breeding strategies are discussed. In conclusion, the different approach to crop modeling for Southern and Northern European climatic conditions is highlighted.
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