Producing Magnetic Nanocomposites from Paper Sludge for the Adsorptive Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water—A Fractional Factorial Design

• Main Authors: Luciana S. Rocha, Érika M. L. Sousa, María V. Gil, João A. B. P. Oliveira, Marta Otero, Valdemar I. Esteves, Vânia Calisto
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-01-01
• Series: Nanomaterials
• Subjects: activated carbon; adsorption; aquatic environment; emerging contaminants; micro-organic contaminants; magnetic materials
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/2/287

In view of a simple after-use separation, the potentiality of producing magnetic activated carbon (MAC) by intercalation of ferromagnetic metal oxide nanoparticles in the framework of a powder activated carbon (PAC) produced from primary paper sludge was explored in this work. The synthesis conditions to produce cost effective and efficient MACs for the adsorptive removal of pharmaceuticals (amoxicillin, carbamazepine, and diclofenac) from aqueous media were evaluated. For this purpose, a fractional factorial design (FFD) was applied to assess the effect of the most significant variables (Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ salts ratio, PAC to iron salts ratio, temperature, and pH), on the following responses concerning the resulting MACs: Specific surface area (<i>S</i>_BET), saturation magnetization (<i>M</i>_s), and adsorption percentage of amoxicillin, carbamazepine, and diclofenac. The statistical analysis revealed that the PAC to iron salts mass ratio was the main factor affecting the considered responses. A quadratic linear regression model A = f(<i>S</i>_BET, <i>M</i>_s) was adjusted to the FFD data, allowing to differentiate four of the eighteen MACs produced. These MACs were distinguished by being easily recovered from aqueous phase using a permanent magnet (<i>M</i>_s of 22–27 emu g⁻¹), and their high <i>S</i>_BET (741–795 m² g⁻¹) were responsible for individual adsorption percentages ranging between 61% and 84% using small MAC doses (35 mg L⁻¹).