Mecanismos de defensa y respuestas de las plantas en la interacción micorrícica: una revisión

• Main Authors: Margarita Ramírez Gómez, Alia Rodríguez
• Format: Article
• Language: Spanish
• Published: Universidad Nacional de Colombia 2012-04-01
• Series: Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología
• Subjects: hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular (HFMA); mecanismos de defensa de planta; simbiosis; priming; protección de planta
• Online Access: http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/biotecnologia/article/view/32888

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>ES-CO</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /> <w:Word11KerningPairs /> <w:CachedColBalance /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math" /> <m:brkBin m:val="before" /> <m:brkBinSub m:val=" " /> <m:smallFrac m:val="off" /> <m:dispDef /> <m:lMargin m:val="0" /> <m:rMargin m:val="0" /> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup" /> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440" /> <m:intLim m:val="subSup" /> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr" /> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Título en ingles: Plant defense mechanisms and responses in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: a review.</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES">Resumen: </span></strong><span lang="ES">El establecimiento de la simbiosis planta-hongos formadores de micorrizas Arbusculares (HFMA) requiere procesos armónicos a nivel espacio-temporal, que dependen de señales para el reconocimiento, colonización e intercambio bidireccional de nutrientes. Las plantas presentan respuestas de defensa frente a posibles organismos invasores; sin embargo, frente a HFMA estas son débiles, localizadas y no impiden la colonización del hongo. Los beneficios de la simbiosis generalmente se asocian a nutrición vegetal, aunque, también está relacionada con el incremento de la tolerancia-resistencia de plantas a los estreses bióticos. La resistencia inducida HFMA (MIR) es importante en el control de patógenos foliares, comedores de hojas y necrótrofos, encontrándose protección de plantas micorrizadas tanto a nivel local como sistémico, relacionada con los niveles de ácido jasmónico en tejidos. Un mecanismo en la MIR está asociado con el “priming”, que permite una rápida y eficiente respuesta de defensa de plantas micorrizadas. Se han planteado posibles mecanismos de atenuación de las respuestas de defensa, considerando: activación de supresores de defensa; plantas que producen respuestas de defensa frente a HFMA y otras que no las producen, y<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>plantas que suprimen las respuestas de defensa en la simbiosis. Aunque el control de la simbiosisestá regulado básicamente por la planta, aún se desconoce el papel de los HFMA en el debilitamiento de las respuestas de defensa. Recientemente, se ha dado un avance importante en entender los mecanismos mediante los cuales se establece y mantiene la biotrofía del hongo, al describirse la proteína SP7 que interactúa con el factor de transcripción PR, ERF19 en el núcleo de la célula vegetal. Se ha sugerido que SP7 es un efector que actúa oponiéndose al programa de inmunidad de la planta. Este documento está orientado a hacer una revisión de las respuestas de defensa que presentan las plantas bajo condiciones de simbiosis con HFMA, con el fin tener un acercamiento sobre los posibles mecanismos de atenuación de las mismas, de forma tal que permite el establecimiento de la simbiosis. Además, se desea tener una aproximación al tema de la capacidad de defensa que presenta la planta micorrizada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>frente a un amplio grupo de organismos patógenos.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES">Palabras clave</span></strong><span lang="ES">: hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular (HFMA); mecanismos de defensa de planta; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>simbiosis; priming; protección de planta</span></p> <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: " lang="EN-US">Summary: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: " lang="EN-US">Harmonic processes between plant and arbuscular mycorrhyzal fungi (AMF) are required for the symbiosis formation between the two organisms. These processes depend on specific signalling for the plant-fungus recognition, colonisation and bidirectional nutrient exchange. Plants show defence responses against invasive organisms, however they react weakly and localised when challenged by AMF. The benefits derived from the mycorrization are described for the nutritional aspect; however, it is known that mycorrhized plants are more tolerant to biotic stresses. Mycorrhizal induced resistance (MIR) is especially important for the control of foliar pathogens, leaf cutters and necrotrophs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>There has also been found that mycorrhizal plants are protected both locally and systemically and their protection is related with jasmonic acid levels at their tissues. One of the most important mechanisms for MIR is the so called “priming” that allows plants to exert a fast and efficient defence response. Possible mechanisms to unravel mycorrhizal plants lower defence systems include: defence suppressor activation, differential plants response towards AMF from inexistent to low, and plant defence response suppression during the AMF symbiosis. The symbiosis control<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>is known to be regulated by the plant, however, no role has been assigned to the AMF for the weakening of the plant defence system. Recently, a big step towards understanding of the fungal role has been made. A protein SP7 that interacts with a PR transcription factor ERF19, in the plant nucleus, has been described. This discovery indicates a possible mechanism to establish and maintain the biotrophic status of the AMF counteracting the immune plant system. The main focus of this manuscript is to review the mycorrhizal plant defence responses taking into account that for a functional AMF symbiosis a lesser plant defence mechanism is required. 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